_Friedrich Karl, Duke of SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN _
| (1757 - 1816) m 1780
_Wilhelm, Duke of SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN ___|_Friedericke Amalie VON SCHLIEBEN ___________
| (1785 - 1831) m 1810 (1757 - 1827)
_Christian IX SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN ___|
| (1818 - 1906) m 1842 |
| | _Karl, Landgrave of HESSE-CASSEL ____________+
| | | (1744 - 1836) m 1766
| |_Louise Caroline of HESSE ______________|_Louise of DENMARK __________________________
| (1789 - 1867) m 1810 (1750 - 1831)
_William George I, King of GREECE _|
| (1845 - 1913) m 1867 |
| | _Friedrich of HESSE-CASSEL __________________+
| | | (1747 - 1837) m 1786
| | _Wilhelm of HESSE-CASSEL _______________|_Caroline Polyxene of NASSAU ________________
| | | (1787 - 1867) m 1810 (1762 - 1823)
| |_Louise Wilhelmina of HESSE-CASSEL _|
| (1817 - 1898) m 1842 |
| | _Frederik, Crown Prince of DENMARK __________+
| | | (1753 - 1805) m 1774
| |_Lousie Charlotte Oldenburg of DENMARK _|_Sophie Frederike of MECKLENBURG ____________
| (1789 - 1864) m 1810 (1758 - 1794)
_Nicholas of GREECE _________|
| (1872 - 1938) m 1902 |
| | _Paul I ROMANOV _____________________________+
| | | (1754 - 1801) m 1776
| | _Nikolai I ROMANOV _____________________|_Maria Feodorovna of WüRTTEMBERG ___________
| | | (1796 - 1855) m 1817 (1759 - 1828)
| | _Constantine Nikolayevitch ROMANOV _|
| | | (1827 - 1892) m 1848 |
| | | | _Friedrich Wilhelm III, King of PRUSSIA _____+
| | | | | (1770 - 1840) m 1793
| | | |_Alexandra FEODOROVNA __________________|_Luise Auguste of MECKLENBURG _______________
| | | (1798 - 1860) m 1817 (1776 - 1810)
| |_Olga Constantinovna of RUSSIA ____|
| (1851 - 1926) m 1867 |
| | _Friedrich, Duke of SAXE-HILDBURG ___________+
| | | (1763 - 1834) m 1785
| | _Joseph, Duke of SAXE-ALTENBURG ________|_Charlotte Georgine of HANNOVER _____________
| | | (1789 - 1868) m 1817 (1769 - 1818)
| |_Elizabeth Alexandra IOSSIFOVNA ____|
| (1830 - 1911) m 1848 |
| | _Ludwig Friedrich ALEXANDER _________________+
| | | (1756 - 1817) m 1797
| |_Amalie of WüRTTEMBERG ________________|_Henrietta of NASSAU-WEILBURG _______________
| (1799 - 1848) m 1817 (1780 - 1857)
|
|--Olga of GREECE
| (1903 - ....)
| _Paul I ROMANOV _____________________________+
| | (1754 - 1801) m 1776
| _Nikolai I ROMANOV _____________________|_Maria Feodorovna of WüRTTEMBERG ___________
| | (1796 - 1855) m 1817 (1759 - 1828)
| _Alexander II Nicholoevich ROMANOV _|
| | (1818 - 1881) m 1841 |
| | | _Friedrich Wilhelm III, King of PRUSSIA _____+
| | | | (1770 - 1840) m 1793
| | |_Alexandra FEODOROVNA __________________|_Luise Auguste of MECKLENBURG _______________
| | (1798 - 1860) m 1817 (1776 - 1810)
| _Vladimir Alexandrovich ROMANOV ___|
| | (1847 - 1909) m 1874 |
| | | _Louis I, Landgrave of HESSE-DARMSTADT ______+
| | | | (1753 - 1830) m 1777
| | | _Louis II, Grand Duke of HESSE _________|_Louise of HESSE-DARMSTADT __________________
| | | | (1777 - 1848) m 1804 (1750 - 1829)
| | |_Marie of HESSE-DARMSTADT __________|
| | (1824 - 1880) m 1841 |
| | | _Karl Ludwig, Prince of BADEN _______________+
| | | | (1755 - 1801) m 1774
| | |_Wilhelmina Luise of BADEN _____________|_Frederike Amalie of HESSE-DARMSTADT ________
| | (1788 - 1836) m 1804 (1754 - 1832)
|_Helen Vladimirovna ROMANOV _|
(1882 - 1957) m 1902 |
| _____________________________________________
| |
| ________________________________________|_____________________________________________
| |
| ____________________________________|
| | |
| | | _____________________________________________
| | | |
| | |________________________________________|_____________________________________________
| |
|_Maria PAVLOVNA ___________________|
(1854 - 1920) m 1874 |
| _____________________________________________
| |
| ________________________________________|_____________________________________________
| |
|____________________________________|
|
| _____________________________________________
| |
|________________________________________|_____________________________________________
[10909] Olga m. Paul of Yugoslavia and had a son. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Olga_of_Greece_and_Denmark.
__________________________
|
_______________________|__________________________
|
_______________________|
| |
| | __________________________
| | |
| |_______________________|__________________________
|
_____________________|
| |
| | __________________________
| | |
| | _______________________|__________________________
| | |
| |_______________________|
| |
| | __________________________
| | |
| |_______________________|__________________________
|
_Gerry KLINE ________|
| |
| | __________________________
| | |
| | _______________________|__________________________
| | |
| | _______________________|
| | | |
| | | | __________________________
| | | | |
| | | |_______________________|__________________________
| | |
| |_____________________|
| |
| | __________________________
| | |
| | _______________________|__________________________
| | |
| |_______________________|
| |
| | __________________________
| | |
| |_______________________|__________________________
|
|
|--Scott M. KLINE
|
| __________________________
| |
| _______________________|__________________________
| |
| _Ralph S. WICKHAM _____|
| | (1906 - 1971) m 1928 |
| | | __________________________
| | | |
| | |_______________________|__________________________
| |
| _Donald C. WICKHAM __|
| | (1929 - 1992) |
| | | _William Elmore PAULLIN __+
| | | | (1853 - 1930) m 1877
| | | _Oliver Perry PAULLIN _|_Elizabeth Melvina GARST _
| | | | (1882 - 1967) m 1907 (1856 - 1930)
| | |_Evelyn Marie PAULLIN _|
| | (1907 - 1965) m 1928 |
| | | _John B. COBLE ___________+
| | | | (1858 - 1953)
| | |_Edna Mae COBLE _______|_Mary Anne BERNHART ______
| | (1888 - 1979) m 1907 (1867 - 1924)
|_Sharon E. WICKHAM __|
|
| __________________________
| |
| _______________________|__________________________
| |
| _______________________|
| | |
| | | __________________________
| | | |
| | |_______________________|__________________________
| |
|_Beverly YODER ______|
|
| __________________________
| |
| _______________________|__________________________
| |
|_______________________|
|
| __________________________
| |
|_______________________|__________________________
[4253] living - details excluded
_Johann Philip (Sr) KLINGER ___
| (1723 - 1811) m 1754
_Johann George (Esq.) KLINGER ___|_Eva Elizabeth BEILSTEIN ______
| (1761 - 1840) (1730 - ....)
_Johann George (Jr) KLINGER ___|
| (1787 - 1838) m 1814 |
| | _Johann Nicholas (Sr) BROSIUS _+
| | | (.... - 1794) m 1752
| |_Maria Elisabeth BROSIUS ________|_Anna Barbara SHAFFER _________
| (1763 - ....) (.... - 1810)
_Elias KLINGER _____________|
| (1822 - 1854) m 1840 |
| | _______________________________
| | |
| | _Andreas SCHMELTZ _______________|_______________________________
| | | (1757 - 1834) m 1791
| |_Catharine SCHMELTZ ___________|
| (1794 - 1872) m 1814 |
| | _______________________________
| | |
| |_Anna Maria WALLER ______________|_______________________________
| (1768 - 1846) m 1791
_Francis Kissinger ("Frank") KLINGER _|
| (1851 - 1910) |
| | _Jacob KISSINGER ______________+
| | | (1685 - 1766)
| | _Abraham KISSINGER ______________|_______________________________
| | | (1740 - 1807) m 1766
| | _Johann George Adam KISSINGER _|
| | | (1775 - 1858) m 1800 |
| | | | _Johann Jacob SCHAEFFER _______+
| | | | | (1709 - 1789) m 1735
| | | |_Maria Catherine SCHAFFER _______|_Maria KOBEL __________________
| | | (1739 - 1807) m 1766 (.... - 1789)
| |_Sarah ("Sally") KISSINGER _|
| (1823 - 1887) m 1840 |
| | _John Phillip Dietrich HUBER __+
| | | (1722 - ....)
| | _Jacob HUBER ____________________|_Anna Regina FRANCK ___________
| | | (1758 - 1849) (1724 - ....)
| |_Catharine HOOVER _____________|
| (1783 - 1861) m 1800 |
| | _Jacob SIERER _________________
| | | (1713 - 1785)
| |_Eva Catherina Elizabeth SIERER _|_______________________________
| (1757 - 1849)
|
|--Monroe Elmer KLINGER
| (1879 - 1938)
| _Hans George DRAUTMAN _________
| | (1710 - ....)
| _Peter TRAUTMAN _________________|_______________________________
| | (1738 - 1809) m 1759
| _Abraham TRAUTMAN _____________|
| | (1773 - 1852) |
| | | _______________________________
| | | |
| | |_Eve Elizabeth LEISENRING _______|_______________________________
| | (1740 - 1814) m 1759
| _George Tschoff TROUTMAN ___|
| | (1804 - 1869) m 1828 |
| | | _______________________________
| | | |
| | | _________________________________|_______________________________
| | | |
| | |_Elizabeth TSCHOPP ____________|
| | (1780 - 1844) |
| | | _______________________________
| | | |
| | |_________________________________|_______________________________
| |
|_Harriet Ann Clark TROUTMAN __________|
(1851 - 1934) |
| _______________________________
| |
| _________________________________|_______________________________
| |
| _Robert KLARK _________________|
| | (1758 - ....) m 1782 |
| | | _______________________________
| | | |
| | |_________________________________|_______________________________
| |
|_Justina Bauman KLARK ______|
(1811 - 1876) m 1828 |
| _______________________________
| |
| _________________________________|_______________________________
| |
|_Susanna Hill KAUFFMAN ________|
(1761 - 1814) m 1782 |
| _______________________________
| |
|_________________________________|_______________________________
[27907] See "Zion (Klingers) Church, Part II", compiled by Irwin R. Klinger (Closson Press,1988), p. 167; "A Comprehensive History of the Town of Gratz Pennsylvania", Gratz Historical Society (1997) pp. 411 & 652; "Dauphin Co., PA Vital Records", collected and compiled by Phillip Rice, Jodi A. Germani and Jean A. Dellock, pp. 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 141 & 153. "Harrisburg Evening News, 12 March 1938," p. 10: "Monroe Klinger, 59, of near Gratz, who allegedly shot himself in the abdomen at his home Thursday night, died in the Harrisburg Hospital at 1:50 p. m. yesterday. His wife heard the report of a shotgun about 7 o'clock Thursday evening and ran to her husband's room, where she found Klinger lying on the floor wounded with the shotgun beside him, authorities were told." The coroner later ruled it an accidental death.
_Vladimir II MONOMACHUS _+
| (1053 - 1125) m 1070
_Mstislav I Harald VLADIMIROVICH _|_Githa GODWINSON ________
| (1076 - 1132)
_Rostislav-Michael MSTISLAVICH _|
| (.... - 1167) |
| | _Inge I of SWEDEN _______+
| | | (.... - 1111)
| |_Christina of SWEDEN _____________|_________________________
| (.... - 1122)
_Mstislav 'Khrabriy' ROSTISLAVICH _|
| (.... - 1180) |
| | _________________________
| | |
| | __________________________________|_________________________
| | |
| |________________________________|
| |
| | _________________________
| | |
| |__________________________________|_________________________
|
_Mstislav Udaloy MSTISLAVICH _|
| (.... - 1228) |
| | _________________________
| | |
| | __________________________________|_________________________
| | |
| | ________________________________|
| | | |
| | | | _________________________
| | | | |
| | | |__________________________________|_________________________
| | |
| |___________________________________|
| |
| | _________________________
| | |
| | __________________________________|_________________________
| | |
| |________________________________|
| |
| | _________________________
| | |
| |__________________________________|_________________________
|
|
|--daughter of Mstislav Udaloy MSTISLAVICH
|
| _________________________
| |
| __________________________________|_________________________
| |
| ________________________________|
| | |
| | | _________________________
| | | |
| | |__________________________________|_________________________
| |
| ___________________________________|
| | |
| | | _________________________
| | | |
| | | __________________________________|_________________________
| | | |
| | |________________________________|
| | |
| | | _________________________
| | | |
| | |__________________________________|_________________________
| |
|______________________________|
|
| _________________________
| |
| __________________________________|_________________________
| |
| ________________________________|
| | |
| | | _________________________
| | | |
| | |__________________________________|_________________________
| |
|___________________________________|
|
| _________________________
| |
| __________________________________|_________________________
| |
|________________________________|
|
| _________________________
| |
|__________________________________|_________________________
[23745] Note: this line is contradicted by http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/RUSSIA, Rurik.htm#MstislavMstislavichdied1228B (in 2007) and requires further verification.
_____________________
|
_Johannes Heinrich SCHREFFLER _|_____________________
| (1714 - 1784) m 1745
_Gottfried SCHREFFLER ____|
| (1752 - 1812) |
| | _____________________
| | |
| |_Anna Maria WEBER _____________|_____________________
| (1716 - 1776) m 1745
_Gottfried SCHREFFLER _|
| (1787 - 1870) m 1808 |
| | _____________________
| | |
| | _______________________________|_____________________
| | |
| |__________________________|
| |
| | _____________________
| | |
| |_______________________________|_____________________
|
_John SCHREFFLER ____|
| (1820 - 1895) |
| | _Peter LEBO _________+
| | | (.... - 1783)
| | _Peter LEBO ___________________|_____________________
| | | (.... - 1807)
| | _John Philip LEBO ________|
| | | (1769 - 1839) |
| | | | _____________________
| | | | |
| | | |_Anna Catharina JORDAN ________|_____________________
| | | (1744 - ....)
| |_Eva Gretha LEBO ______|
| (1790 - 1872) m 1808 |
| | _____________________
| | |
| | _______________________________|_____________________
| | |
| |_Anna Marie WOHLFORD _____|
| |
| | _____________________
| | |
| |_______________________________|_____________________
|
|
|--Lovina SCHREFFLER
| (1844 - 1914)
| _Johann Adam REBUCK _
| |
| _Valentine REHBOCK ____________|_____________________
| | (1730 - 1802) m 1757
| _Johann Michael REBUCK ___|
| | (1769 - 1852) |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |_Anna Barbara BALDAUF _________|_____________________
| | (1735 - 1808) m 1757
| _Gottfried REBUCK _____|
| | (1798 - 1875) |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | | _______________________________|_____________________
| | | |
| | |_Maria Margaretha THOMAS _|
| | (1762 - 1820) |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |_______________________________|_____________________
| |
|_Salome REBUCK ______|
(1821 - 1893) |
| _____________________
| |
| _______________________________|_____________________
| |
| __________________________|
| | |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |_______________________________|_____________________
| |
|_Catharine WAGNER _____|
(1801 - 1875) |
| _____________________
| |
| _______________________________|_____________________
| |
|__________________________|
|
| _____________________
| |
|_______________________________|_____________________
[32406] Lovina's ancestry is from the unverified OneWorldTree in Ancestry.com in 2012 and must be documented. www.findagrave.com lists her death date: 24 March 1913.
_Crinan (Grimus) The THANE ____________________________
| (0978 - 1045)
_Duncan I MacCrinan, King of SCOTS __|_Bethóc ingen Maíl Coluim meic Cináeda of SCOTLAND _
| (1007 - 1040) m 1030
_Malcolm III Canmore, King of SCOTS __|
| (.... - 1093) m 1070 |
| | _Oswulf, Earl of NORTHUMBERLAND _______________________+
| | | (.... - 0965)
| |_Sibyl of NORTHUMBERLAND ____________|_______________________________________________________
| (.... - 1070) m 1030
_David I ("the Saint"), King of SCOTS _|
| (.... - 1153) |
| | _Edmund II ("Ironside"), King of ENGLAND ______________+
| | | (0980 - 1016)
| | _Edward, The ATHELING _______________|_______________________________________________________
| | | (1016 - 1057)
| |_Margaret of WESSEX __________________|
| (1045 - 1093) m 1070 |
| | _Yaroslav I, Grand Prince of KIEV _____________________+
| | | (0979 - 1054) m 1019
| |_Agatha of HUNGARY __________________|_Inguigard OLOFSDOTTER ________________________________
| (.... - 1050)
_Henry de Huntingdon, Prince of SCOTLAND _|
| (1114 - 1152) m 1139 |
| | _Maldred of ALLERDALE _________________________________+
| | | (.... - 1045)
| | _Syward (Sigurd) of NORTHUMBRIA _____|_______________________________________________________
| | | (.... - 1055)
| | _Waltheof II, Earl of NORTHUMBERLAND _|
| | | (1045 - 1076) m 1070 |
| | | | _Aldred, Earl of NORTHUMBRIA __________________________+
| | | | | (.... - 1038)
| | | |_Elfleda of NORTHUMBRIA _____________|_______________________________________________________
| | |
| |_Maud of NORTHUMBERLAND _______________|
| (1072 - 1131) |
| | _Eustace I, Count of BOULOGNE _________________________+
| | | (.... - 1047)
| | _Lambert of Boulogne, Count of LENS _|_Maud (or Mahaut) of LOUVAIN __________________________
| | | (.... - 1055) m 1054
| |_Judith of LENS ______________________|
| (1054 - ....) m 1070 |
| | _Robert I ("the Magnificent"), Duke of NORMANDY _______+
| | | (1000 - 1035)
| |_Adelaide of NORMANDY _______________|_Herleve (Arlette) OF FALAISE _________________________
| m 1054
|
|--Malcolm (IV), King of SCOTS
| (1141 - 1165)
| _Gautier DE ST-MARTIN _________________________________
| |
| _Raoul ("Ralph") DE WARENNE _________|_niece of Duchess GONNOR ______________________________
| | (.... - 1050)
| _William DE WARENNE __________________|
| | (.... - 1088) |
| | | _Richard I ("the Fearless") of NORMANDY _______________+
| | | | (0933 - 0996)
| | |_Beatrice of NORMANDY _______________|_Gunnor DE CRêPON ____________________________________
| | (.... - 1031)
| _William DE WARENNE ___________________|
| | (1071 - 1138) |
| | | _______________________________________________________
| | | |
| | | _____________________________________|_______________________________________________________
| | | |
| | |_Gundrada of FLANDERS ________________|
| | (.... - 1085) |
| | | _______________________________________________________
| | | |
| | |_____________________________________|_______________________________________________________
| |
|_Ada DE WARENNE __________________________|
(.... - 1178) m 1139 |
| _Robert II ("the Pious"), King of FRANCE ______________+
| | (0970 - 1031) m 1002
| _Henry I, King of FRANCE ____________|_Constance DE TAILLEFER _______________________________
| | (1006 - 1060) m 1044 (0986 - 1032)
| _Hugh Magnus DE CRéPI _______________|
| | (1057 - 1102) |
| | | _Yaroslav I, Grand Prince of KIEV _____________________+
| | | | (0979 - 1054) m 1019
| | |_Anne of KIEV _______________________|_Inguigard OLOFSDOTTER ________________________________
| | (1024 - 1075) m 1044 (.... - 1050)
|_Isabel (aka Elizabeth) DE VERMANDOIS _|
(1081 - 1131) |
| _Otho (Eudes Or Otto), COUNT __________________________+
| | (1000 - 1045)
| _Herbert IV, Count DE VERMANDOIS ____|_Parvie of VERMANDOIS _________________________________
| | (1032 - 1080)
|_Adélaïde ("Adele") DE VERMANDOIS __|
(.... - 1120) |
| _Raoul III The Great, Count DE VEXIN __________________+
| | (.... - 1074)
|_Adela DE VEXIN _____________________|_Adele of BAR-SUR-AUBE ________________________________
(.... - 1118)
[4797] Malcolm IV succeeded his grandfather and died unmarried at age 23. King Malcolm IV's reign had begun on 24 May 1153 when he inherited the throne from David I. He became known as 'Malcolm the Maiden' because of his religious convictions and was inaugurated at Scone in 1153, at the age of twelve.
http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~hwbradley/aqwg1155.htm#24904 stated in 2002: "Hugh WARDALE was born 1538 in Alford, Lincolnshire, England. He died Nov 1585 in Alford and was buried 26 Nov 1585 in Alford. Hugh married Isabel on 1561 in Alford. Isabel was born 1541 in Alford, Lincolnshire. She died Jan 1590 in Alford, Lincolnshire and was buried 12 Jan 1590 in Alford. They had the following children: John WARDALE was christened 13 Jun 1562 and died Oct 1617; William WARDALE was born 1564; Miles WARDALE was born 1566 in Alford; Thomas WARDALE was born 1570." See also http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/u/n/g/Neil-Ungerleider-MA
----------------------------------
The next time you are washing your hands and complain because the water temperature isn't just how you like it, think about how things used to be. Here are some facts about the 1500s':
Most people got married in June because they took their yearly bath in May, and still smelled pretty good by June. However, they were starting to smell, so brides carried a bouquet of flowers to hide the body odor. Hence the custom today of carrying a bouquet when getting married.
Baths consisted of a big tub filled with hot water. The man of the house had the privilege of the nice clean water, then all the other sons and men, then the women and finally the children. Last of all the babies. By then the water was so dirty you could actually lose someone in it. Hence the saying, Don't throw the baby out with the Bath water.
Houses had thatched roofs-thick straw-piled high, with no wood underneath. It was the only place for animals to get warm, so all the cats and other small animals (mice, bugs) lived in the roof. When it rained it became slippery and sometimes the animals would slip and fall off the roof. Hence the saying It's raining cats and dogs.
There was nothing to stop things from falling into the house. This posed a real problem in the bedroom where bugs and other droppings could mess up your nice clean bed. Hence, a bed with big posts and a sheet hung over the top afforded some protection. That's how canopy beds came into existence.
The floor was dirt. Only the wealthy had something other than dirt. Hence the saying, Dirt poor. The wealthy had slate floors that would get slippery in the winter when wet, so they spread thresh (straw) on floor to help keep their footing. As the winter wore on, they added more thresh until, when you opened the door, it would all start slipping outside. A piece of wood was placed in the entrance way. Hence the saying a thresh hold.
In those old days, they cooked in the kitchen with a big kettle that always hung over the fire. Every day they lit the fire and added things to the pot. They ate mostly vegetables and did not get much meat. They would eat the stew for dinner, leaving leftovers in the pot to get cold overnight and then start over the next day. Sometimes stew had food in it that had been there for quite a while. Hence the rhyme, Peas porridge hot, peas porridge cold, peas porridge in the pot nine days old.
Sometimes they could obtain pork, which made them feel quite special. When visitors came over, they would hang up their bacon to show off. It was a sign of wealth that a man could, bring home the bacon. They would cut off a little to share with guests and would all sit around and chew the fat.
Those with money had plates made of pewter. Food with high acid content caused some of the lead to leach onto the food, causing lead poisoning death. This happened most often with tomatoes, so for the next 400 years or so, tomatoes were considered poisonous.
Bread was divided according to status. Workers got the burnt bottom of the loaf, the family got the middle, and guests got the top, or the upper crust.
Lead cups were used to drink ale or whisky. The combination would sometimes knock a person out for a couple of days. Someone walking along the road would take them for dead and prepare them for burial. They were laid out on the kitchen table for a couple of days and the family would gather around and eat and drink and wait and see if they would wake up. Hence the custom of holding a wake.
England is old and small and the local folks started running out of places to bury people. So they would dig up coffins and would take the bones to a bone-house, and reuse the grave. When reopening these coffins, 1 out of 25 coffins were found to have scratch marks on the inside and they realized they had been burying people alive. So they would tie a string on the wrist of the corpse, lead it through the coffin and up through the ground and tie it to a bell. Someone would have to sit out in the graveyard all night (the graveyard shift) to listen for the bell; thus, someone could be, saved by the bell or was considered a dead ringer.
And that's the truth. Now, whoever said History was boring ! ! !