_____________________
|
_Thomas ALLEY _______|_____________________
| (1665 - 1692)
_Samuel ALLEY _______|
| (1690 - 1682) |
| | _Thomas SILVER ______
| | | (1641 - 1682)
| |_Sarah SILVER _______|_Katherine CROSBY ___
| (1654 - 1681) (1641 - 1665)
_John ALLEY _________|
| (1720 - 1795) |
| | _____________________
| | |
| | _____________________|_____________________
| | |
| |_Elizabeth THOMPSON _|
| (1699 - 1764) |
| | _____________________
| | |
| |_____________________|_____________________
|
_Joshua ALLEY _______|
| (1756 - ....) |
| | _____________________
| | |
| | _____________________|_____________________
| | |
| | _____________________|
| | | |
| | | | _____________________
| | | | |
| | | |_____________________|_____________________
| | |
| |_____________________|
| |
| | _____________________
| | |
| | _____________________|_____________________
| | |
| |_____________________|
| |
| | _____________________
| | |
| |_____________________|_____________________
|
|
|--Lucy ALLEY
| (1797 - 1856)
| _____________________
| |
| _____________________|_____________________
| |
| _____________________|
| | |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |_____________________|_____________________
| |
| _____________________|
| | |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | | _____________________|_____________________
| | | |
| | |_____________________|
| | |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |_____________________|_____________________
| |
|_Hannah BROWN _______|
|
| _____________________
| |
| _____________________|_____________________
| |
| _____________________|
| | |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |_____________________|_____________________
| |
|_____________________|
|
| _____________________
| |
| _____________________|_____________________
| |
|_____________________|
|
| _____________________
| |
|_____________________|_____________________
[40614] http://www.griffincunningham.net/benjaminsmith/bakeman.txt provides her children with William.
[47215] Nellie is daughter of Albert Ashbaugh and Mary E. _____.
_James BOUGHAM _______
| (1570 - ....) m 1590
_Robert BUFFUM ________________________________|_Margery RAYLTON _____
| (.... - 1669) m 1634 (1568 - ....)
_Caleb BUFFUM _______|
| (1650 - 1731) m 1672|
| | _George WARD _________+
| | | (1571 - 1606) m 1596
| |_Thomasine WARD _______________________________|_Dionis BURROW _______
| (1606 - 1688) m 1634 (1577 - 1606)
_Benjamin BUFFUM ____|
| (.... - 1748) m 1708|
| | _Robert POPE _________
| | | (1584 - ....)
| | _Joseph POPE __________________________________|_(unknown) ___________
| | | (1606 - 1667) (1584 - ....)
| |_Hannah POPE ________|
| m 1672 |
| | _Samuel SHATTUCK _____
| | | (1591 - ....) m 1615
| |_Gertrude SHATTUCK ____________________________|_Damaris SIBLEY ______
| (.... - 1667) (1597 - 1674)
_Joseph BUFFUM ______|
| (1717 - 1796) m 1737|
| | _Thomas BUXTON _______+
| | | (.... - 1654)
| | _Anthony BUXTON _______________________________|______________________
| | | (1601 - 1684)
| | _Joseph BUXTON ______|
| | | (1663 - 1752) |
| | | | ______________________
| | | | |
| | | |_______________________________________________|______________________
| | |
| |_Elizabeth BUXTON ___|
| (1689 - 1755) m 1708|
| | _Lawrence SOUTHWICK __+
| | | (.... - 1660) m 1622
| | _John Daniel SOUTHWICK ________________________|_Cassandra BURNELL ___
| | | (1637 - 1718) m 1663 (.... - 1660)
| |_Esther SOUTHWICK ___|
| (1665 - ....) |
| | _Joseph BOYCE ________
| | | (1608 - 1684)
| |_Esther BOYCE _________________________________|_Ellenor PLOVER ______
| (1640 - 1718) m 1663
|
|--Abigail (twin) BUFFUM
| (1760 - ....)
| ______________________
| |
| _William OSBORN _______________________________|______________________
| | m 1641
| _William OSBORN _____|
| | (1651 - ....) m 1672|
| | | ______________________
| | | |
| | |_Freswith\Friedeswide, wife of William OSBORN _|______________________
| | (1623 - ....) m 1641
| _William OSBORN _____|
| | (1682 - 1771) m 1710|
| | | ______________________
| | | |
| | | _John BURTON __________________________________|______________________
| | | |
| | |_Hannah BURTON ______|
| | (1655 - ....) m 1672|
| | | ______________________
| | | |
| | |_______________________________________________|______________________
| |
|_Margaret OSBORN ____|
(1719 - 1805) m 1737|
| _Christopher DERBY ___+
| | (1571 - 1640)
| _Richard DERBY ________________________________|_Ann (Agnes) SYMONDS _
| |
| _Roger DERBY ________|
| | (1643 - 1698) m 1691|
| | | _Roger LEACHLAND _____+
| | | | m 1604
| | |_Alice LEACHLAND ______________________________|_Margaret JONES ______
| | (.... - 1654) (.... - 1654)
|_Margaret DERBY _____|
(1693 - 1793) m 1710|
| _Elias HASKET ________+
| |
| _Stephen HASKET _______________________________|_Eleanor STIBBS ______
| | m 1659 (.... - 1660)
|_Elizabeth HASKET ___|
(1643 - 1740) m 1691|
| ______________________
| |
|_Elizabeth HILL _______________________________|______________________
(.... - 1698) m 1659
[50854]
The unverified file K8VV-R1W in familysearch.org states that Edward is son of Joseph Dunn (1784-1856) & Elizabeth Potter (1789-1843; m. 4 January 1809 in Clementsport, Annapolis Co., Nova Scotia, Canada).
_George Thomas GRAY _________+
| (.... - 1693) m 1672
_Robert GRAY __________|_Sarah, wife of George GRAY _
| (1680 - 1748) m 1706
_Joshua GRAY ________|
| (1714 - ....) m 1736|
| | _James FREETHY ______________+
| | | (1651 - ....) m 1675
| |_Elizabeth FREETHY ____|_Mary MILLBURY ______________
| (1686 - ....) m 1706 (1651 - 1735)
_James GRAY _________|
| (1745 - 1821) m 1765|
| | _____________________________
| | |
| | _______________________|_____________________________
| | |
| |_Jennat ELLIOT ______|
| m 1736 |
| | _____________________________
| | |
| |_______________________|_____________________________
|
_Christopher Mitchell GRAY _|
| (1763 - 1866) |
| | _____________________________
| | |
| | _James HOWARD _________|_____________________________
| | | (1660 - 1708) m 1713
| | _Edward HOWARD ______|
| | | (1707 - ....) |
| | | | _Richard SHORTRIDGE _________
| | | | | (1631 - 1689) m 1661
| | | |_Mary SHORTRIDGE ______|_Esther DEARBORN ____________
| | | (1661 - ....) m 1713 (1638 - 1689)
| |_Elizabeth HOWARD ___|
| (1747 - 1821) m 1765|
| | _Christopher MITCHELL _______
| | | (.... - 1688)
| | _Christopher MITCHELL _|_Sarah ANDREWS ______________
| | | (.... - 1743) m 1694 (1640 - 1732)
| |_Susannah MITCHELL __|
| (1708 - 1769) |
| | _William DUDLEY _____________+
| | | (1639 - 1701) m 1661
| |_Sarah DUDLEY _________|_Mary ROE ___________________
| (1676 - ....) m 1694 (.... - 1727)
|
|--Phoebe GRAY
| (1797 - ....)
| _____________________________
| |
| _James HOWARD _________|_____________________________
| | (1660 - 1708) m 1713
| _Edward HOWARD ______|
| | (1707 - ....) |
| | | _Richard SHORTRIDGE _________
| | | | (1631 - 1689) m 1661
| | |_Mary SHORTRIDGE ______|_Esther DEARBORN ____________
| | (1661 - ....) m 1713 (1638 - 1689)
| _Benjamin HOWARD ____|
| | (.... - 1819) |
| | | _Christopher MITCHELL _______
| | | | (.... - 1688)
| | | _Christopher MITCHELL _|_Sarah ANDREWS ______________
| | | | (.... - 1743) m 1694 (1640 - 1732)
| | |_Susannah MITCHELL __|
| | (1708 - 1769) |
| | | _William DUDLEY _____________+
| | | | (1639 - 1701) m 1661
| | |_Sarah DUDLEY _________|_Mary ROE ___________________
| | (1676 - ....) m 1694 (.... - 1727)
|_Margaret HOWARD ___________|
(1765 - 1850) |
| _____________________________
| |
| _______________________|_____________________________
| |
| _____________________|
| | |
| | | _____________________________
| | | |
| | |_______________________|_____________________________
| |
|_____________________|
|
| _____________________________
| |
| _______________________|_____________________________
| |
|_____________________|
|
| _____________________________
| |
|_______________________|_____________________________
[50417] See the unverified file K4F7-FPV in familysearch.org.
_Nathan KINNE _______+
| (1727 - 1798) m 1749
_Thomas KINNEY ______|_Elizabeth A. TUBBS _
| (1754 - 1806) m 1784 (1727 - 1810)
_Converse KINNEY _________|
| (1802 - 1877) m 1830 |
| | _____________________
| | |
| |_Olive COPP _________|_____________________
| (1765 - 1837) m 1784
_William Henry KINNEY _|
| (1838 - 1904) m 1860 |
| | _____________________
| | |
| | _____________________|_____________________
| | |
| |_Arletta Phillis MILBURN _|
| (1810 - 1896) m 1830 |
| | _____________________
| | |
| |_____________________|_____________________
|
_Elias H. KINNEY ______|
| (1867 - 1929) m 1892 |
| | _____________________
| | |
| | _____________________|_____________________
| | |
| | __________________________|
| | | |
| | | | _____________________
| | | | |
| | | |_____________________|_____________________
| | |
| |_Glovina WILKINS ______|
| (1842 - 1900) m 1860 |
| | _____________________
| | |
| | _____________________|_____________________
| | |
| |__________________________|
| |
| | _____________________
| | |
| |_____________________|_____________________
|
|
|--Samuel William KINNEY
| (1898 - 1957)
| _____________________
| |
| _____________________|_____________________
| |
| __________________________|
| | |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |_____________________|_____________________
| |
| _______________________|
| | |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | | _____________________|_____________________
| | | |
| | |__________________________|
| | |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |_____________________|_____________________
| |
|_Amy Isabella CROPLEY _|
(1867 - 1934) m 1892 |
| _____________________
| |
| _____________________|_____________________
| |
| __________________________|
| | |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |_____________________|_____________________
| |
|_______________________|
|
| _____________________
| |
| _____________________|_____________________
| |
|__________________________|
|
| _____________________
| |
|_____________________|_____________________
[32460] This line is from the unverified Rivett Family Tree in Ancestry.com in 2012 which states he is son of George Lennard (1427-1456) and that he m. Anne Bird (1458-1485).
__
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| |__|__
|
__|
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| | __
| | |
| | __|__
| | |
| |__|
| |
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| | |
| |__|__
|
_Elvin MADISON ______|
| |
| | __
| | |
| | __|__
| | |
| | __|
| | | |
| | | | __
| | | | |
| | | |__|__
| | |
| |__|
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| | __
| | |
| | __|__
| | |
| |__|
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| |__|__
|
|
|--Richard Scott MADISON
|
| __
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| __|__
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| | |__|__
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| __|
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| | | __|__
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| | |__|
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| | | __
| | | |
| | |__|__
| |
|_Rene BLAIR _________|
|
| __
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| __|__
| |
| __|
| | |
| | | __
| | | |
| | |__|__
| |
|__|
|
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|__|
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|__|__
[51295] Edna's obituary: "Greenville - Edna T. Dunbar, 86, loving wife of Milton E. Dunbar for more than 66 years, passed away Oct. 7, 2000, at a C.A. Dean Hospital in Greenville. She was born March 28, 1914, in Greenville, the daughter of George and Bernice (Parke) McEachern. She attended and graduated from Greenville schools and was a lifelong resident of the Greenville area. She was a member of the Lakeside Rebekahs and the Eastern Star. She was a member of the Methodist Church for more than 60 years. She was a loving wife, mother, grandmother, great-grandmother, aunt and much more to her whole family and friends. She is survived by her loving husband; one son, Terrance E. Dunbar of Millinocket; one daughter, Marilyn B. King of Greenville; six grandchildren, Terri S. Brewster, Holly F. Humphrey, Byron E. Dunbar, Weldon C. King Jr., Torri'Anne E. Stone and Maria K. Avery; nine great-grandchildren, two brothers, Allyn and Clinton McEachern; three sisters, Phyllis Vickery, Mary McAffee and Joyce Brown; one aunt, Isabelle Ryder; many nieces, nephews and cousins, special extended family, Trina Mercier, Sherry Taylor and Dennis Vickery. She was predeceased by two brothers, Donald and George McEachern and one sister, Beth Botzko. A private family service will be held. Burial will follow the service at the family lot in Greenville cemetery."
______________________________________________
|
____________________________________________|______________________________________________
|
_Johann Ernst, Prince of NASSAU-WEILBURG _____|
| (1664 - 1719) m 1683 |
| | ______________________________________________
| | |
| |____________________________________________|______________________________________________
|
_Karl August, Prince of NASSAU-WEILBURG _|
| (1685 - 1753) m 1723 |
| | ______________________________________________
| | |
| | ____________________________________________|______________________________________________
| | |
| |_Marie Polyzene, Countess of LEININGEN _______|
| (1662 - 1725) m 1683 |
| | ______________________________________________
| | |
| |____________________________________________|______________________________________________
|
_Karl Christian, Prince, NASSAU-WEILBURG _|
| (1735 - 1788) m 1760 |
| | ______________________________________________
| | |
| | ____________________________________________|______________________________________________
| | |
| | ______________________________________________|
| | | |
| | | | ______________________________________________
| | | | |
| | | |____________________________________________|______________________________________________
| | |
| |_Auguste Friederike of NASSAU-IDSTEIN ___|
| (1699 - 1750) m 1723 |
| | ______________________________________________
| | |
| | ____________________________________________|______________________________________________
| | |
| |______________________________________________|
| |
| | ______________________________________________
| | |
| |____________________________________________|______________________________________________
|
|
|--Friedrich Wilhelm of NASSAU-WEILBURG
| (1768 - 1816)
| ______________________________________________
| |
| _Hendrik Casimir II, Prince of NASSAU ______|______________________________________________
| | (1657 - 1696)
| _Jan Willem Friso, Prince of ORANGE __________|
| | (1687 - 1711) m 1709 |
| | | _Johann Georg II, Prince of ANHALT-DESSAU ____+
| | | | (1627 - 1693) m 1659
| | |_Henrietta Amalie of ANHALT-DESSAU _________|_Henriette Catherine of NASSAU _______________
| | (1637 - 1708)
| _Willem IV, Prince of ORANGE-NASSAU _____|
| | (1711 - 1751) m 1743 |
| | | _Wilhelm VI, Landgrave of HESSE-CASSEL _______+
| | | | (1629 - 1663) m 1649
| | | _Karl, Landgrave of HESSE-CASSEL ___________|_Hedwig Sohpie VON BRANDENBURG _______________
| | | | (1654 - 1730) (1623 - 1683)
| | |_Marie Louise "Maaike Meu" of HESSE-CASSEL ___|
| | (1688 - 1765) m 1709 |
| | | _Jacob KETTLER _______________________________+
| | | | (1610 - 1682) m 1645
| | |_Marie Amalie of COURLAND __________________|_Louise Charlotte of BRANDENBURG _____________
| | (1617 - 1676)
|_Wilhelmina CAROLINE _____________________|
(1743 - 1787) m 1760 |
| _Ernest Augustus, Elector of HANOVER _________+
| | (1629 - 1698) m 1658
| _George (Louis) I, King of Great BRITAIN ___|_Sophia Hanover of BOHEMIA ___________________
| | (1660 - 1727) m 1682 (1630 - 1714)
| _George (Augustus) II, King of Great BRITAIN _|
| | (1683 - 1760) m 1705 |
| | | _George William, Duke of BRUNSWICK-LüNEBURG _+
| | | | (1624 - 1705)
| | |_Sophia Dorothea of BRUNSWICK ______________|_Eleanor Desmier DOLBREUSE _________________
| | (1666 - 1726) m 1682 (1639 - 1722)
|_Anne of Great BRITAIN __________________|
(1709 - 1759) m 1743 |
| ______________________________________________
| |
| _John Frederick, Margrave of BRANDENBURG ___|______________________________________________
| | (1654 - 1686) m 1681
|_Wilhelmina Caroline of ANSPACH ______________|
(1683 - 1737) m 1705 |
| _John George I, Duke of SAXE-EISENACH ________+
| | (1634 - 1686)
|_Eleonore Erdmuthe Louise of SAXE-EISENACH _|_Johanetta of SAYN-WITTGENSTEIN ______________
(1662 - 1696) m 1681
[11185] See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_of_Nassau-Weilburg
__
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__|__
|
__|
| |
| | __
| | |
| |__|__
|
_Martin NEIFERT _____|
| (1841 - 1912) |
| | __
| | |
| | __|__
| | |
| |__|
| |
| | __
| | |
| |__|__
|
_Roland R. NEIFERT ___|
| (1879 - 1934) m 1900 |
| | __
| | |
| | __|__
| | |
| | __|
| | | |
| | | | __
| | | | |
| | | |__|__
| | |
| |_____________________|
| |
| | __
| | |
| | __|__
| | |
| |__|
| |
| | __
| | |
| |__|__
|
|
|--Walter Gail NEIFERT
| (1919 - 1991)
| __
| |
| __|__
| |
| __|
| | |
| | | __
| | | |
| | |__|__
| |
| _____________________|
| | |
| | | __
| | | |
| | | __|__
| | | |
| | |__|
| | |
| | | __
| | | |
| | |__|__
| |
|_Eva Ellen WHETSTONE _|
(1881 - 1950) m 1900 |
| __
| |
| __|__
| |
| __|
| | |
| | | __
| | | |
| | |__|__
| |
|_____________________|
|
| __
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| __|__
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|__|
|
| __
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|__|__
[44420] Anna M. Neifert (1924-1998), presumed to be his second wife, is buried with Walter.
_______________________
|
____________________________|_______________________
|
_James (Jacobus) ROOSEVELT _|
| (1760 - 1847) m 1786 |
| | _______________________
| | |
| |____________________________|_______________________
|
_Isaac Daniel ROOSEVELT __|
| (1790 - 1863) m 1827 |
| | _______________________
| | |
| | ____________________________|_______________________
| | |
| |_Maria Eliza WALTON ________|
| (1769 - 1810) m 1786 |
| | _______________________
| | |
| |____________________________|_______________________
|
_James ROOSEVELT ____|
| (1828 - 1900) m 1880|
| | _______________________
| | |
| | _John ASPINWALL ____________|_______________________
| | | (.... - 1774) m 1766
| | _John ASPINWALL ____________|
| | | (1774 - 1847) m 1803 |
| | | | _William Henry SMITH __+
| | | | | (1708 - 1776) m 1732
| | | |_Rebecca SMITH _____________|_Margaret LLOYD _______
| | | (.... - 1809) m 1766 (1713 - 1756)
| |_Mary Rebecca ASPINWALL __|
| (1809 - 1886) m 1827 |
| | _Nathaniel HOWLAND ____+
| | | (1705 - 1766) m 1739
| | _Joseph HOWLAND ____________|_Abigail BURT _________
| | | (1749 - 1836) m 1772 (1718 - 1766)
| |_Susan HOWLAND _____________|
| (1779 - 1852) m 1803 |
| | _Ephraim BILL _________
| | | (1719 - 1802) m 1746
| |_Lydia BILL ________________|_Lydia HUNTINGTON _____
| (1753 - 1838) m 1772 (1727 - 1798)
|
|--Franklin Delano ROOSEVELT
| (1882 - 1945)
| _______________________
| |
| ____________________________|_______________________
| |
| ____________________________|
| | |
| | | _______________________
| | | |
| | |____________________________|_______________________
| |
| _Warren DELANO ___________|
| | (1809 - 1898) m 1843 |
| | | _______________________
| | | |
| | | ____________________________|_______________________
| | | |
| | |____________________________|
| | |
| | | _______________________
| | | |
| | |____________________________|_______________________
| |
|_Sara DELANO ________|
(1855 - 1941) m 1880|
| _Joseph LYMAN _________+
| | (1699 - 1763)
| _Joseph LYMAN ______________|_Abigail LEWIS ________
| | (1731 - 1804) (1701 - 1776)
| _Joseph (III) LYMAN ________|
| | (1767 - 1847) m 1811 |
| | | _______________________
| | | |
| | |_Mary SHELDON ______________|_______________________
| | (1733 - 1805)
|_Catherine Robbins LYMAN _|
(1825 - 1896) m 1843 |
| _Nathaniel ROBBINS ____
| | (1726 - 1795)
| _Edward Hutchinson ROBBINS _|_Elizabeth HUTCHINSON _
| | (1758 - 1837) m 1785 (1731 - 1793)
|_Anne Jean ROBBINS _________|
(1789 - 1867) m 1811 |
| _James MURRAY _________+
| | (1713 - 1781)
|_Elizabeth MURRAY __________|_Barbara BENNET _______
(1756 - 1837) m 1785 (1724 - 1758)
Roosevelt was elected for an unprecedented four terms, he was one of the
20th century's most skillful political leaders. His New Deal program, a
response to the Great Depression, utilized the federal government as an
instrument of social and economic change in contrast to its traditionally
passive role. Then, in World War II, he led the Allies in their defeat of
the Axis powers.
His father, a semiretired railway executive, was a cousin of Theodore
Roosevelt, the 26th president of the U.S. Although they were not wealthy
by late 19th-century standards, the Roosevelts of Hyde Park led a
comfortable, gracious existence, and young Franklin's life was sheltered;
he was educated by governesses and indulged by his father. A handsome
youth, he was an excellent athlete, expert at boating and swimming, and he
also collected stamps, birds, and ship models -- hobbies that he pursued
all his life.
His formal education began at the Groton School in Massachusetts, where
the headmaster, Endicott Peabody (1857-1944), stressed to his wealthy
young students their obligation toward those who were less fortunate in
society. After graduation from Harvard University in 1904, Roosevelt
attended Columbia University Law School without taking a degree and was
admitted to the New York State bar in 1907. Despite his widowed mother's
objections, he married a distant cousin, in a gala society wedding at
which President Theodore Roosevelt gave the bride away.
Franklin Roosevelt's political career began with his election to the New
York State Senate as a Democrat in 1910. He quickly gained the national
limelight as the leader of an upstate coalition that fought the influence
of New York City's Democratic machine. His support of Woodrow Wilson's
candidacy as the Democratic presidential nominee in 1912 resulted in his
appointment to the post of assistant secretary of the navy, which he held
during World War I. James M. Cox of Ohio, the party's 1920 nominee for the
presidency, chose Roosevelt as his running mate because of his family
name, but the Cox-Roosevelt ticket proved to be no match for the
Republicans under Warren G. Harding.
Roosevelt faced the greatest personal crisis of his life when he was
stricken by poliomyelitis at his Canadian summer home on Campobello
Island, New Brunswick, in 1921. He veiled his deep physical agony with a
cheerful demeanor and rejected his mother's advice that he abandon
politics and become a country squire at Hyde Park. Encouraged by Eleanor
and his dedicated political mentor, Louis McHenry Howe (1871-1936), he
resumed his career by nominating Alfred E. Smith for the presidency at the
Democratic convention in 1924 and again in 1928, when Smith won the
party's nomination. The Democratic party of the 1920s was deeply divided
between Protestant, rural voters, who favored Prohibition, and urban Roman
Catholics, who opposed it. Anxious to win the New York State electoral
vote, Smith persuaded Roosevelt to campaign for the governorship, given
the latter's strong upstate appeal. Roosevelt, deeply in debt and disabled
by polio, won a narrow victory, while Smith was defeated by Herbert
Hoover.
During two terms as governor of New York (1928-32), Roosevelt established
a reputation as a reforming progressive in the Theodore Roosevelt
tradition and as a champion of relief for impoverished upstate farmers.
His greatest struggle -- for control of the Saint Lawrence River
waterpower resource by the state rather than private utilities -- aimed at
providing cheaper electricity for the rural consumer. With the outbreak of
the Great Depression, he identified himself with the urban relief cause by
appointing Harry Hopkins to head the Temporary Emergency Relief
Administration. As the depression deepened, he assembled the "Brains
Trust," a group of faculty members from Columbia University, to formulate
with him a comprehensive program for resolving the economic collapse that
had begun in 1929. With the aid of a progressive-southern Democratic
coalition in 1932, Roosevelt won the party's presidential nomination, then
easily defeated Hoover in the national election.
Roosevelt's promise of "a new deal for the American people" foreshadowed a
revolutionary extension of federal power into the nation's everyday life.
His first three months in office, known as the Hundred Days, were marked
by innovative legislation originating in the executive branch. In a period
of massive unemployment (25 percent of the work force), a collapsed stock
market, thousands of bank closings for lack of liquidity, and agricultural
prices that had fallen below the cost of production, Congress, at
Roosevelt's request, passed a series of emergency measures calculated to
provide liquidity for banking institutions and relief for the individual
and to prevent business bankruptcy. Further, abandonment of the gold
standard in 1933 had the effect of devaluating the dollar in international
markets.
In addition to relief measures, such as creation of the Works Progress
Administration under the direction of Harry Hopkins, the New Deal aimed at
long-range economic solutions to problems stemming from World War I. The
farm depression, a result of overproduction, had begun in 1921 and sent
millions to the cities during the 1920s; Roosevelt regarded it as the root
cause of the economic collapse of the late 1920s. He responded with a
broad agricultural program framed by the Agricultural Adjustment Acts of
1933 and 1938. This legislation introduced production controls for certain
basic commodities, including corn, cotton, wheat, tobacco, and hogs, in
order to create a balance between supply and demand; it promoted
reforestation and conservation and provided subsidy payments for curtailed
planting; and it utilized the concept of an ever-normal granary, balancing
crop surplus against lean years. Creation of the Tennessee Valley
Authority in 1933 benefited one of the nation's most impoverished areas.
This multipurpose development included federal construction of dams to
harness cheap hydroelectric power, water management, improvement of
farming techniques and river navigation, and the construction of hospitals
and schools. New industries attracted by cheap electricity and labor
diversified the southern economy.
Although Roosevelt's ties to the city and organized labor were never
strong, many New Deal measures alienated the business community at the
same time they attracted the urban minorities and the labor movement into
the orbit of the Democratic party. The National Industrial Recovery Act
(NIRA, 1933) began as an industrial stabilization scheme designed to
eliminate cutthroat practices and maintain prices. Section 7a of the law,
which promoted labor unionization, alienated conservative businesspeople,
however. Strict securities-issuance and stock exchange regulation,
enforced by a newly created Securities and Exchange Commission,
intensified business opposition. Benefits provided by the Social Security
Act, by unemployment insurance legislation, and by the Fair Labor
Standards Act of 1938 attracted workers' support. In 1935 and 1936 the
traditional-minded U.S. Supreme Court struck at key New Deal measures by
declaring provisions of both the NIRA and the Agricultural Adjustment Act
unconstitutional.
After winning a resounding victory over Alfred M. Landon in the 1936
presidential election, Roosevelt tried to neutralize the Court by
proposing the appointment of new justices, but Congress rejected this
"court-packing" plan in 1937. In the ensuing years a congressional
coalition of conservative Republicans and Democrats, fearful of growing
federal spending in the 1937-38 depression and anxious to curtail
expansion of federal power into areas traditionally reserved to the
states, checked the New Deal's momentum. The imminence of war in Europe,
followed by U.S. involvement, drew attention away from the president's
domestic defeats and made possible his victories over Republican
candidates Wendell L. Willkie in 1940 and Thomas E. Dewey in 1944.
Roosevelt was a pragmatist in his diplomatic views in the interwar period.
Although he had been a supporter of Woodrow Wilson, he abandoned Wilson's
internationalist ideas when the country turned to isolationism in the
1920s. Then, in the late 1930s, spurred by Adolf Hitler's aggression in
Europe and Japanese expansionism in the Pacific, Roosevelt moved the
United States back toward engagement in world affairs. He was restrained,
however, by the persistence of strong isolationist sentiment among the
voters and by congressional passage of a series of neutrality laws
intended to prevent American involvement in a second world war. Roosevelt
won the contest when, alarmed by Germany's defeat of France in 1940,
Congress passed his lend-lease legislation to help Great Britain's
continued resistance to the Germans. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
on December 7, 1941, brought the United States into the worldwide contest
on the side of Britain and the Soviet Union.
Roosevelt framed his diplomatic objectives as wartime leader in a series
of wartime conferences. In collaboration with Winston Churchill he
explained Anglo-American war aims in August 1941 in the form of the
Atlantic Charter. It denied territorial ambitions, favored self-government
and liberal international trade arrangements, and pledged freedom from
want and permanent security against aggression. At Casablanca, Morocco, in
January 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill insisted on Germany's unconditional
surrender as a means of preventing the enemy's future military resurgence.
The Québec Conference (August 1943) planned the Normandy invasion. At
Moscow (October 1943) the Allied foreign ministers approved in principle a
postwar organization for world security. Military strategy and the problem
of postwar Germany came under discussion at Cairo (November-December 1943)
and Québec (September 1944). Finally, at Yalta in the USSR (February
1945), Roosevelt, Churchill, and Joseph Stalin broached their plans for a
postwar world. In the process, Roosevelt pressed for admission of China to
the Allied councils as a major power, liberalization of international
trade as a means of preventing future wars, and creation of a United
Nations organization as a mechanism for preserving peace. He did not,
however, see the end of the war. He died of a cerebral hemorrhage.
Roosevelt's vision of a peaceful and stable postwar world foundered on
national ambition. Although he bypassed Churchill and a weakened Great
Britain to deal with Stalin at Yalta, it became apparent on the eve of his
death that Soviet ambitions included the occupation of eastern and central
Europe. His faith in the ability of the UN to keep the peace through the
collaboration of the former wartime Allies proved unworkable in the era of
the cold war.
An Ahnentafel for him is found on the Web in April, 2000 at
http://www.rootsweb.com/~rwguide/presidents/prez32.htm
_____________________
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_John STEINHOFF _______________|_____________________
| (.... - 1811)
_Andrew Herman (Sr.) STEINHOFF _|
| (1773 - 1816) |
| | _____________________
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| |_Hannah ("Anna") Marie HOPART _|_____________________
| (1752 - 1829)
_Finley STEINHOFF ___|
| (1806 - 1887) |
| | _Duncan MALCOLM _____
| | | (1720 - ....)
| | _Findlay MALCOLM ______________|_____________________
| | | (1750 - 1829) m 1776
| |_Janet (Jennie) MALCOLM ________|
| (1782 - ....) |
| | _Daniel WARDWELL ____+
| | | (1734 - 1803) m 1755
| |_Tryphena WARDWELL ____________|_Sarah STAPLES ______
| (1761 - 1813) m 1776
_Orlando G. STEINHOFF ___|
| (1844 - 1915) m 1867 |
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| |_Sarah Ann SMITH ____|
| (1811 - 1852) |
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|--Jennie B. STEINHOFF
| (1885 - ....)
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|_Ellen ("Ella") W. WOOD _|
(1845 - 1913) m 1867 |
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