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_Carlo ("Charles") BONAPARTE _|
| (1746 - 1785) m 1764 |
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|--Napoleon I BONAPARTE
| (1769 - 1821)
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|_Letizia RAMOLINO ____________|
(1750 - 1836) m 1764 |
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He consolidated and institutionalized many reforms of the French Revolution. One of the greatest military commanders of all time, he conquered the larger part of Europe and did much to modernize the nations he ruled.
No Buonaparte had ever been a professional soldier. Carlo was a lawyer who had fought for Corsican independence, but after the French occupied the island in 1768, he served as a prosecutor and judge and entered the French aristocracy as a count. Through his father's influence, Napoleon was educated at the expense of King Louis XVI, at Brienne and the École
Militaire, in Paris. Napoleon graduated in 1785, at the age of 16, and joined the artillery as a second lieutenant.
After the Revolution began, he became a lieutenant colonel (1791) in the Corsican National Guard. In 1793, however, Corsica declared independence, and Bonaparte, a French patriot and a Republican, fled to France with his family. He was assigned, as a captain, to an army besieging Toulon, a naval base that, aided by a British fleet, was in revolt against the republic. Replacing a wounded artillery general, he seized ground where his guns could drive the British fleet from the harbor, and Toulon fell. As a result Bonaparte was promoted to brigadier general at the age of 24. In 1795 he saved the revolutionary government by dispersing an insurgent mob in Paris. In 1796 he married Joséphine de Beauharnais, the widow of an aristocrat guillotined in the Revolution and the mother of two children.
Early Campaigns
Also in 1796, Bonaparte was made commander of the French army in Italy. He defeated four Austrian generals in succession, each with superior numbers, and forced Austria and its allies to make peace. The Treaty of Campo Formio provided that France keep most of its conquests. In northern Italy he founded the Cisalpine (Italian) Republic (later known as the kingdom of Italy) and strengthened his position in France by sending millions of francs worth of treasure to the government. In 1798, to strike at British trade with the East, he led an expedition to Turkish-ruled Egypt, which he conquered. His fleet, however, was destroyed by the British admiral Horatio Nelson, leaving him stranded. Undaunted, he reformed the Egyptian
government and law, abolishing serfdom and feudalism and guaranteeing basic rights. The French scholars he had brought with him began the scientific study of ancient Egyptian history. In 1799 he failed to capture Syria, but he won a smashing victory over the Turks at Abu Qir (Abukir). France, meanwhile, faced a new coalition; Austria, Russia, and lesser powers had allied with Britain.
Napoleonic Rule in France
Bonaparte, no modest soul, decided to leave his army and return to save France. In Paris, he joined a conspiracy against the government. In the coup d'etat of November 9-10, 1799 (18-19 Brumaire), he and his colleagues seized power and established a new regimethe Consulate. Under its constitution, Bonaparte, as first consul, had almost dictatorial powers. The constitution was revised in 1802 to make Bonaparte consul for life and in 1804 to create him emperor. Each change received the overwhelming assent of the electorate. In 1800, he assured his power by crossing the Alps and defeating the Austrians at Marengo. He then negotiated a general European peace that established the Rhine River as the eastern border of France. He also concluded an agreement with the pope (the Concordat of 1801), which contributed to French domestic tranquillity by ending the quarrel with the Roman Catholic church that had arisen during the Revolution. In France the administration was reorganized, the court system
was simplified, and all schools were put under centralized control. French law was standardized in the Code Napoleon, or civil code, and six other codes. They guaranteed the rights and liberties won in the Revolution, including equality before the law and freedom of religion.
Wars of Conquest
In April 1803 Britain, provoked by Napoleon's aggressive behavior, resumed war with France on the seas; two years later Russia and Austria joined the British in a new coalition. Napoleon then abandoned plans to invade England and turned his armies against the Austro-Russian forces, defeating them at the Battle of Austerlitz on December 2, 1805. In 1806 he seized the kingdom of Naples and made his elder brother Joseph king, converted the Dutch Republic into the kingdom of Holland for his brother Louis, and established the Confederation of the Rhine (most of the German states) of which he was protector. Prussia then allied itself with Russia and attacked the confederation. Napoleon destroyed the Prussian army at Jena and Auerstädt (1806) and the Russian army at Friedland. At Tilsit (July 1807), Napoleon made an ally of Czar Alexander I and greatly reduced the size of Prussia (see Tilsit, Treaty of). He also added new states to the empire: the kingdom of Westphalia, under his brother Jerome, the duchy of
Warsaw, and others.
Napoleon had meanwhile established the Continental System, a French-imposed blockade of Europe against British goods, designed to bankrupt what he called the "nation of shopkeepers." In 1807 Napoleon seized Portugal. In 1808, he made his brother Joseph king of Spain, awarding Naples to his brother-in-law, Joachim Murat. Joseph's arrival in Spain touched off a rebellion there, which became known as the Peninsular War. Napoleon appeared briefly and scored victories, but after his departure the fighting continued for five years, with the British backing Spanish armies and guerrillas. The Peninsular War cost France 300,000 casualties and untold sums of money and contributed to the eventual weakening of the Napoleonic empire.
In 1809 Napoleon beat the Austrians again at Wagram, annexed the Illyrian Provinces (now part of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Yugoslavia), and abolished the Papal States. He also divorced Joséphine, and in 1810 he married the Habsburg archduchess Marie Louise (1791-1847), daughter of the Austrian emperor. By thus linking his dynasty with the oldest ruling house in Europe, he hoped that his son, who was born in 1811, would be more readily accepted by established monarchs. In 1810 also, the empire reached its widest extension with the annexation of Bremen, Lübeck, and other parts of north Germany, together with the entire kingdom of Holland, following the forced abdication of Louis Bonaparte.
Napoleonic Rule in Europe
In all the new kingdoms created by the emperor, the Code Napoléon was established as law. Feudalism and serfdom were abolished, and freedom of religion established (except in Spain). Each state was granted a constitution, providing for universal male suffrage and a parliament and containing a bill of rights. French-style administrative and judicial systems were required. Schools were put under centralized administration, and free public schools were envisioned. Higher education was opened to all who qualified, regardless of class or religion. Every state had an academy or institute for the promotion of the arts and sciences. Incomes were provided for eminent scholars, especially scientists. Constitutional government remained only a promise, but progress and increased efficiency were widely realized. Not until after Napoleon's fall did the common people of Europe, alienated from his governments by war taxes and military conscription, fully appreciate the benefits he had given them.
Napoleon's Downfall
In 1812 Napoleon, whose alliance with Alexander I had disintegrated, launched an invasion of Russia that ended in a disastrous retreat from Moscow. Thereafter all Europe united against him, and although he fought on, and brilliantly, the odds were impossible. In April 1814, his marshals refused to continue the struggle. After the allies had rejected his stepping down in favor of his son, Napoleon abdicated unconditionally and was exiled to the Mediterranean island of Elba. Marie Louise and his son were put in the custody of her father, the emperor of Austria. Napoleon never saw either of them again. Napoleon himself, however, soon made a
dramatic comeback. In March 1815, he escaped from Elba, reached France, and marched on Paris, winning over the troops sent to capture him. In Paris, he promulgated a new and more democratic constitution, and veterans of his old campaigns flocked to his support. Napoleon asked peace of the allies, but they outlawed him, and he decided to strike first. The result was a campaign into Belgium, which ended in defeat at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815. In Paris, crowds begged him to fight on, but the politicians withdrew their support. Napoleon fled to Rochefort, where he surrendered to the captain of the British battleship Bellerophon. He was then exiled to Saint Helena, a remote island in the south Atlantic Ocean, where he remained until his death from stomach cancer.
The Napoleonic Legend
The cult of Napoleon as the man of destiny began during his lifetime. In fact, he had begun to cultivate it during his first Italian campaign by systematically publicizing his victories. As first consul and emperor, he had engaged the best writers and artists of France and Europe to glorify his deeds and had contributed to the cult himself by the elaborate ceremonies with which he celebrated his rule, picturing himself as the architect of France's greatest glory. He maintained that he had preserved the achievements of the Revolution in France and offered their benefits to Europe. His goal, he said, was to found a European state a federation of free peoples. Whatever the truth of this, he became the arch-hero of the French and a martyr to the world. In 1840 his remains were returned to Paris at the request of King Louis-Philippe and interred with great pomp and ceremony in the Invalides, where they still lie.
Evaluation
Napoleon's influence is evident in France even today. Reminders of him dot Paris the most obvious being the Arc de Triomphe, the centerpiece of the city, which was built to commemorate his victories. His spirit pervades the constitution of the Fifth Republic; the country's basic law is still the Code Napoléon, and the administrative and judicial systems are essentially Napoleonic. A uniform state-regulated system of education persists. Napoleon's radical reforms in all parts of Europe cultivated the ground for the revolutions of the 19th century. Today, the impact of the
Code Napoléon is apparent in the law of all European countries.
Napoleon was a driven man, never secure, never satisfied. "Power is my mistress," he said. His life was work-centered; even his social activities had a purpose. He could bear amusements or vacations only briefly. His tastes were for coarse food, bad wine, cheap snuff. He could be charming hypnotically so for a purpose. He had intense loyalties to his family and old associates. Nothing and no one, however, were allowed to interfere with his work.
Napoleon was sometimes a tyrant and always an authoritarian, but one who believed in ruling by mandate of the people, expressed in plebiscites. He was also a great enlightened monarch a civil executive of enormous capacity who changed French institutions and tried to reform the institutions of Europe and give the Continent a common law. Few deny that he was a military genius. At St. Helena, he said, "Waterloo will erase the memory of all my victories." He was wrong; for better or worse, he is best remembered as a general, not for his enlightened government, but the latter must be counted if he is justly to be called Napoleon the Great.
[51338] living - details excluded
[23747]
"Rutherfords of Tippah County Mississippi and Our Kin" at http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~rutherford/rutherford_coat_of_arms.htm states: "Dedicated to the Virgin Mary, the Cistercian monastery at Rievaulx in Rye, Yorkshire, was established in 1132 when Bernard of Clairvaux had sent William Espec to set up a monastery. Rievaulx became the center of Cistercian life in England and later in Scotland. A historical school developed there in the late 12th Century, and its literary tradition, begun by St. Aelred, continued until the 14th Century." Some researchers claim William was b. in 1055 in Old Warden, Bedfordshire and that his son, Walter, was husband of Adeline - cf. "Medieval English Ancestors of Certain Americans," Carl Boyer (Santa Clarita, CA: C. Boyer, 2001.), p. 75. Walter Espec held the baroney of Helmsley in Yorkshire in the time of King Henry I.
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[37009] This person is from the unverified Bellman Family Tree in Ancestry.com in 2014. Further documentation is required.
_Edward HODGKINS ____+
| m 1784
_James HODGKINS _____|_Mary HAMOR _________
| (1796 - 1873) m 1820 (1757 - 1852)
_Greenleaf L. HODGKINS _|
| (1833 - 1900) |
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| |_Rebecca COOK _______|_____________________
| (1803 - ....) m 1820
_John L. HODGKINS ___|
| (1857 - 1941) m 1882|
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| (1824 - 1896) |
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_Barton Linwood HODGKINS _|
| (1894 - 1967) m 1921 |
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| |_Lena M. FROST ______|
| (1863 - 1930) m 1882|
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|--Dana Linwood HODGKINS
| (1922 - 1988)
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(1901 - 1968) m 1921 |
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[53468] "The Bangor Daily News [Bangor, Maine]," 13 June 1988, p. 11: "Brewer - Dana Hodgkins, 66, died June 11, 1988 at his Brewer home. He was born at Augusta Feb 19, 1922, the son of Burton and Helna (Dana) Hodgkins. He graduated from Cony High School in 1940 and apprenticed as an aviation mechanic at Marden's Airways in Waterville. He served in the Navy during World War II and the Air Force during the Korean Conflict. He retired in 1981 after a 30-year military career. He was a ham radio operator, a member of a Brewer computer club and a member of the Pittsfield Muzzle Loading Club. He is survived by his wife, Marjorie (Hall) Hodgkins of Brewer; six sons, Bryan L., David H., Dennis A., Timothy D., Peter L., and Randy J.; one daughter, Patricia Chadwick; six grandchildren, several nieces nephews and cousins."
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_John Oliver LAY ____|
| (1823 - 1902) m 1845|
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|--Katherine Melvina LAY
| (1854 - 1938)
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(1826 - 1906) m 1845|
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| (1712 - ....) m 1736
_Daniel PERKINS ___________|_Elizabeth PEARCE _________________
| (1752 - 1830) m 1774 (1717 - ....)
_Peletiah PERKINS __________________|
| (1795 - 1864) m 1817 |
| | _Thomas PENNY _____________________+
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| |_Abigail PENNY ____________|_Abigail GRAY _____________________
| (1752 - ....) m 1774
_Daniel PERKINS ________|
| (1821 - 1887) m 1840 |
| | _Andrew HERRICK ___________________+
| | | (1743 - 1812)
| | _Samuel HERRICK ___________|_Sarah GOODWIN ____________________
| | | (1770 - 1833) (1746 - 1775)
| |_Lucy HERRICK ______________________|
| (1799 - 1872) m 1817 |
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| |_Lucy BLACK _______________|___________________________________
| (1772 - 1847)
_Henry Clifford PERKINS _|
| (1855 - 1928) m 1880 |
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| | | (1752 - 1802) m 1780
| | _John HAWES ________________________|
| | | (1787 - 1824) |
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| | | |_Rebeckah PARKER __________|___________________________________
| | | (1760 - 1835) m 1780
| |_Amanda Mortimer HAWES _|
| (1823 - 1878) m 1840 |
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| | _Seth BLODGETT ____________|___________________________________
| | | (1747 - 1817) m 1774
| |_Elizabeth BLODGETT ________________|
| (1786 - 1869) |
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| |_Lucy JOHNSON _____________|___________________________________
| (1752 - ....) m 1774
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|--Herman Erastus PERKINS
| (1881 - 1965)
| _John SNOWMAN _____________________+
| | (.... - 1801) m 1754
| _William SNOWMAN __________|_Sarah STAPLES ____________________
| | (1765 - 1839) m 1790 (1733 - ....)
| _Charles (Jr.) SNOWMAN _____________|
| | (1792 - 1854) m 1815 |
| | | _Charles (The "Patriot") HUTCHINS _+
| | | | (1742 - 1834) m 1764
| | |_Judith HUTCHINGS _________|_Mary PERKINS _____________________
| | (1772 - 1862) m 1790 (1745 - 1797)
| _Erastus Foot SNOWMAN __|
| | (1828 - 1869) |
| | | _Charles (The "Patriot") HUTCHINS _+
| | | | (1742 - 1834) m 1764
| | | _William HUTCHINGS ________|_Mary PERKINS _____________________
| | | | (1764 - 1866) m 1786 (1745 - 1797)
| | |_Mary (or Molly) Perkins HUTCHINGS _|
| | (1793 - 1891) m 1815 |
| | | _Daniel WARDWELL __________________+
| | | | (1734 - 1803) m 1755
| | |_Mercy ("Mary?") WARDWELL _|_Sarah STAPLES ____________________
| | (1770 - 1837) m 1786
|_Carrie L. SNOWMAN ______|
(1861 - 1926) m 1880 |
| _Joseph Taylor LITTLEFIELD ________+
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| _Joseph LITTLEFIELD _______|_Mary ("Polly") PERKINS ___________
| | (1792 - 1871) m 1817
| _Elias LITTLEFIELD _________________|
| | (1818 - 1882) m 1841 |
| | | _Gershom VARNUM ___________________+
| | | | (1757 - 1827)
| | |_Jane VARNUM ______________|_Dolly MOOR _______________________
| | (1795 - 1872) m 1817 (1759 - ....)
|_Jane LITTLEFIELD ______|
(1842 - 1867) |
| _Gershom VARNUM ___________________+
| | (1757 - 1827)
| _Jonathan VARNUM __________|_Dolly MOOR _______________________
| | (1788 - 1860) m 1812 (1759 - ....)
|_Phebe VARNUM ______________________|
(1819 - 1881) m 1841 |
| _Josiah WARDWELL __________________+
| | (1755 - 1820)
|_Hannah WARDWELL __________|_Hannah WESCOTT ___________________
(1792 - 1858) m 1812 (1766 - ....)
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| (1613 - 1701) m 1643|
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| (1646 - 1718) m 1671|
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| (.... - 1699) m 1643|
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| (1495 - 1547)
_William SEWALL _____|_________________________
| (1520 - 1550) m 1540
_Henry SEWALL _____________|
| (1544 - 1628) m 1575 |
| | _Richard Reginald HORNE _+
| | | (1464 - 1524) m 1519
| |_Matilda HORNE ______|_Margery LEE ____________
| (1524 - ....) m 1540 (1478 - 1534)
_Henry SEWALL _______|
| (1576 - 1657) m 1614|
| | _John GRESEBROKE ________+
| | | (1500 - 1540) m 1525
| | _Avery GRAZEBROOK ___|_Isabel RUGELEY _________
| | | (1530 - 1576) (1500 - 1544)
| |_Margaret Keen GRAZEBROOK _|
| (1564 - 1629) m 1575 |
| | _Sir Thomas KEENE _______+
| | | (1500 - 1575)
| |_Margaret KEENE _____|_Elizabeth GOSNOLD ______
| (1530 - 1575) (1503 - 1556)
_Henry SEWALL _______|
| (1615 - 1700) m 1646|
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| |_Anne HUNT __________|
| (1576 - 1650) m 1614|
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|--Jane SEWALL
| (1659 - 1717)
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| | (1520 - 1574)
| _Thomas DUMMER ____________|
| | (1570 - 1626) |
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| | |_Alice PLYDREN ______|_________________________
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| _Stephen DUMMER _____|
| | (1599 - 1670) m 1625|
| | | _________________________
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|_Jane DUMMER ________|
(1627 - 1700) m 1646|
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|_Alice ARCHER _______|
(1603 - 1661) m 1625|
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_John SWETE _________+
| (1512 - 1541) m 1530
_John SWETE _________|_Johane SCOOS _______
| (1530 - 1613) m 1550 (1504 - ....)
_Robert SWEET _______|
| (1552 - 1578) m 1578|
| | _John PERIAM ________
| | | (1510 - 1573) m 1532
| |_Mary PERIAM ________|_Margaret HOME ______
| (1531 - 1599) m 1550 (1512 - 1582)
_John SWEET _________|
| (1579 - 1637) m 1619|
| | _____________________
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| |_Johanna RAINHAM ____|
| (1554 - 1615) m 1578|
| | _____________________
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_James SWEET ________|
| (1622 - 1698) m 1662|
| | _____________________
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| |_Mary PERIAM ________|
| (1581 - 1681) m 1619|
| | _____________________
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|--Benoni SWEET
| (1663 - 1751)
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|_Mary GREENE ________|
(1633 - 1686) m 1662|
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| | |_____________________|_____________________
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|_____________________|
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| _____________________
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| _____________________|_____________________
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|_____________________|
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| _____________________
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|_____________________|_____________________