_Abraham BOWDEN ___________________+
| (1759 - ....)
_John BOWDEN __________|___________________________________
| (1781 - ....) m 1800
_Elijah BOWDEN ______|
| (1801 - 1878) m 1826|
| | ___________________________________
| | |
| |_Mary ("Molly") HEATH _|___________________________________
| (1777 - 1864) m 1800
_Richard Clark BOWDEN __|
| (1845 - 1924) m 1866 |
| | ___________________________________
| | |
| | _______________________|___________________________________
| | |
| |_Lucy HEATH _________|
| (1808 - 1898) m 1826|
| | ___________________________________
| | |
| |_______________________|___________________________________
|
_Irving Leman BOWDEN _|
| (1866 - 1933) |
| | _Charles (The "Patriot") HUTCHINS _+
| | | (1742 - 1834) m 1764
| | _James HUTCHINS _______|_Mary PERKINS _____________________
| | | (1782 - 1860) m 1804 (1745 - 1797)
| | _Joel W. HUTCHINS ___|
| | | (1814 - 1891) m 1836|
| | | | _Peletiah LEACH ___________________+
| | | | | (1757 - 1839)
| | | |_Mary LEACH ___________|_Mary GRINDLE _____________________
| | | (1787 - 1864) m 1804 (1765 - 1839)
| |_Sophronia H. HUTCHINS _|
| (1847 - 1909) m 1866 |
| | _Peletiah LEACH ___________________+
| | | (1757 - 1839)
| | _Ebenezer LEACH _______|_Mary GRINDLE _____________________
| | | (1789 - 1863) m 1816 (1765 - 1839)
| |_Clarissa LEACH _____|
| (1817 - 1898) m 1836|
| | _Samuel WARDWELL __________________+
| | | (1774 - 1858)
| |_Clarissa WARDWELL ____|_Mary ("Polly") BANKS _____________
| (1796 - 1867) m 1816 (1772 - 1862)
|
|--Hazel D. BOWDEN
| (1897 - 1974)
| ___________________________________
| |
| _______________________|___________________________________
| |
| _Joshua DUNBAR ______|
| | (.... - 1852) |
| | | ___________________________________
| | | |
| | |_______________________|___________________________________
| |
| _Joseph S. DUNBAR ______|
| | (1822 - 1888) |
| | | ___________________________________
| | | |
| | | _______________________|___________________________________
| | | |
| | |_____________________|
| | |
| | | ___________________________________
| | | |
| | |_______________________|___________________________________
| |
|_Lydia Mertia DUNBAR _|
(1868 - 1940) |
| ___________________________________
| |
| _______________________|___________________________________
| |
| _____________________|
| | |
| | | ___________________________________
| | | |
| | |_______________________|___________________________________
| |
|_Lucy A. ROBBINS _______|
|
| ___________________________________
| |
| _______________________|___________________________________
| |
|_____________________|
|
| ___________________________________
| |
|_______________________|___________________________________
[50137] Hazel & Norman had Richard Sanborn (d. in 2019), Rita Elva Sanborn Gilmore (1922-2001), Forest Lyman Sanborn (1928-1993) & John Roland Sanborn (1936-2006).
__
|
_James BREESE _______|__
| (1749 - ....) m 1775
_James BREESE _______|
| (1783 - 1833) m 1807|
| | __
| | |
| |_Elizabeth DUNHAM ___|__
| (1752 - ....) m 1775
_Robert Bush BREESE _|
| (1818 - 1903) |
| | __
| | |
| | _____________________|__
| | |
| |_Martha BUSH ________|
| (1787 - 1863) m 1807|
| | __
| | |
| |_____________________|__
|
_Alfred K. BREESE ______________|
| (1846 - 1923) |
| | __
| | |
| | _____________________|__
| | |
| | _____________________|
| | | |
| | | | __
| | | | |
| | | |_____________________|__
| | |
| |_Esther KEELER ______|
| (1820 - 1850) |
| | __
| | |
| | _____________________|__
| | |
| |_____________________|
| |
| | __
| | |
| |_____________________|__
|
|
|--Ralph Benjamin Harrison BREESE
| (1889 - 1970)
| __
| |
| _____________________|__
| |
| _____________________|
| | |
| | | __
| | | |
| | |_____________________|__
| |
| _George WELLER ______|
| | (1800 - 1864) |
| | | __
| | | |
| | | _____________________|__
| | | |
| | |_____________________|
| | |
| | | __
| | | |
| | |_____________________|__
| |
|_Margaret J. ("Jennie") WELLER _|
(1845 - 1933) |
| __
| |
| _____________________|__
| |
| _____________________|
| | |
| | | __
| | | |
| | |_____________________|__
| |
|_Rachel FAUST _______|
(1808 - 1870) |
| __
| |
| _____________________|__
| |
|_____________________|
|
| __
| |
|_____________________|__
[36429] This person is from the unverified Schiller Family Tree in Ancestry.com in 2014. Ralph's obituary is in the "Chicago Tribune, 14 January 1970," p. 74.
_John Henry BRIDGES _
| (1578 - 1665)
_Edmund BRIDGES ______|_Joane FRENCH _______
| (1612 - 1684) m 1639 (1576 - 1648)
_Josiah BRIDGES _____|
| (1649 - 1715) |
| | _Oliver MAINWARING __
| | | (1573 - 1672)
| |_Elizabeth MANWARING _|_Prudence ESSE ______
| (1612 - 1664) m 1639 (1599 - 1672)
_Josiah BRIDGES _____|
| (1680 - 1754) m 1704|
| | _____________________
| | |
| | ______________________|_____________________
| | |
| |_____________________|
| |
| | _____________________
| | |
| |______________________|_____________________
|
_Daniel BRIDGES _____|
| (1713 - 1782) m 1740|
| | _____________________
| | |
| | _Arthur BRAGDON ______|_____________________
| | | (.... - 1678)
| | _Thomas BRAGDON _____|
| | | (1643 - 1690) |
| | | | _____________________
| | | | |
| | | |______________________|_____________________
| | |
| |_Elizabeth BRAGDON __|
| (1679 - 1753) m 1704|
| | _____________________
| | |
| | ______________________|_____________________
| | |
| |_____________________|
| |
| | _____________________
| | |
| |______________________|_____________________
|
|
|--Daniel BRIDGES
| (1744 - 1846)
| _____________________
| |
| ______________________|_____________________
| |
| _____________________|
| | |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |______________________|_____________________
| |
| _____________________|
| | |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | | ______________________|_____________________
| | | |
| | |_____________________|
| | |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |______________________|_____________________
| |
|_Thankful JELLISON __|
(1720 - 1790) m 1740|
| _____________________
| |
| ______________________|_____________________
| |
| _____________________|
| | |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |______________________|_____________________
| |
|_____________________|
|
| _____________________
| |
| ______________________|_____________________
| |
|_____________________|
|
| _____________________
| |
|______________________|_____________________
[53122] Daniel served in the War for Independence as a Private and Drummer, New Hampshire Continental Line. Pension application - W.4144-BLWT 2929-100-55
_______________________________
|
______________________________|_______________________________
|
__________________________|
| |
| | _______________________________
| | |
| |______________________________|_______________________________
|
_____________________|
| |
| | _______________________________
| | |
| | ______________________________|_______________________________
| | |
| |__________________________|
| |
| | _______________________________
| | |
| |______________________________|_______________________________
|
_Robert Glenn CLARK _|
| |
| | _______________________________
| | |
| | ______________________________|_______________________________
| | |
| | __________________________|
| | | |
| | | | _______________________________
| | | | |
| | | |______________________________|_______________________________
| | |
| |_____________________|
| |
| | _______________________________
| | |
| | ______________________________|_______________________________
| | |
| |__________________________|
| |
| | _______________________________
| | |
| |______________________________|_______________________________
|
|
|--Robert "Little Bob" CLARK Jr.
|
| _______________________________
| |
| ______________________________|_______________________________
| |
| __________________________|
| | |
| | | _______________________________
| | | |
| | |______________________________|_______________________________
| |
| _Ed ROTZ ____________|
| | |
| | | _______________________________
| | | |
| | | ______________________________|_______________________________
| | | |
| | |__________________________|
| | |
| | | _______________________________
| | | |
| | |______________________________|_______________________________
| |
|_Denice Carole ROTZ _|
|
| _Charles L. GROVE _____________
| | (.... - 1913)
| _John Raymond GROVE __________|_Bertha S. ("Bertie") GILMORE _
| | (1893 - ....) (1873 - 1911)
| _John Raymond (II) GROVE _|
| | (1918 - 1955) m 1942 |
| | | _______________________________
| | | |
| | |_Margaretta Catherine BOWERS _|_______________________________
| | (1895 - 1980)
|_Carole Jean GROVE __|
|
| _William Thomas PIPER _________+
| | (1868 - 1946) m 1898
| _Melvin James PIPER __________|_______________________________
| | (1902 - 1979)
|_Elloise Frances PIPER ___|
(1925 - 2016) m 1942 |
| _Joseph William EBERLY ________+
| | (1880 - 1962) m 1901
|_Edna Grace EBERLY ___________|_Emma C. MILLER _______________
(1904 - 1971) (1880 - 1942)
[27641] living - details excluded
_Nicholas COFFYN ____
|
_Nicholas COFFYN ____|_____________________
| (1555 - 1613)
_Peter (Coffyn or) COFFIN _______|
| (.... - 1628) m 1608 |
| | _____________________
| | |
| |_____________________|_____________________
|
_Tristram COFFIN __________|
| (.... - 1681) |
| | _____________________
| | |
| | _Robert KEMBER ______|_____________________
| | |
| |_Joan KEMBER ____________________|
| (1584 - 1661) m 1608 |
| | _____________________
| | |
| |_____________________|_____________________
|
_Stephen COFFIN _____|
| (1652 - 1734) |
| | _____________________
| | |
| | _John STEVENS _______|_____________________
| | | (.... - 1612)
| | _Robert STEVENS _________________|
| | | (1563 - 1627) |
| | | | _____________________
| | | | |
| | | |_____________________|_____________________
| | |
| |_Dionis STEVENS ___________|
| (1610 - 1682) |
| | _____________________
| | |
| | _____________________|_____________________
| | |
| |_________________________________|
| |
| | _____________________
| | |
| |_____________________|_____________________
|
|
|--Susannah COFFIN
| (.... - 1740)
| _____________________
| |
| _Guillaume BONCOEUR _|_____________________
| |
| _Guillaume ("William") BONCOEUR _|
| | (.... - 1624) |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |_____________________|_____________________
| |
| _George BUNKER ____________|
| | (1621 - 1658) m 1644 |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | | _____________________|_____________________
| | | |
| | |_________________________________|
| | |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |_____________________|_____________________
| |
|_Mary BUNKER ________|
(1652 - 1724) |
| _Peter GODFREY ______
| | (1515 - 1556) m 1542
| _Thomas GODFREY _____|_Joan EPES __________
| | (1553 - 1623) m 1580 (1513 - 1556)
| _Thomas GODFREY _________________|
| | (1600 - 1624) m 1619 |
| | | _Michael PIX ________
| | | | (1547 - 1601)
| | |_Elizabeth PIX ______|_Emma STRUGHILL _____
| | (1560 - 1589) m 1580 (1538 - ....)
|_Jane (Elizabeth) GODFREY _|
(1623 - 1662) m 1644 |
| _____________________
| |
| _____________________|_____________________
| |
|_Mary PARTRIDGE _________________|
(1549 - 1581) m 1619 |
| _____________________
| |
|_____________________|_____________________
_Anthony COOMBS ________+
| (1729 - 1816) m 1752
_Jesse COOMBS _______|_Ruth GETCHELL _________
| (1752 - 1823) (1734 - 1826)
_Jesse R. COOMBS ______|
| (1795 - 1849) m 1813 |
| | ________________________
| | |
| |_____________________|________________________
|
_Urias COOMBS _______|
| (1829 - 1911) |
| | ________________________
| | |
| | _____________________|________________________
| | |
| |_Wealthy TRIM _________|
| (1794 - 1878) m 1813 |
| | ________________________
| | |
| |_____________________|________________________
|
_Aaron Urias COOMBS ___|
| (1877 - 1952) m 1907 |
| | ________________________
| | |
| | _____________________|________________________
| | |
| | _______________________|
| | | |
| | | | ________________________
| | | | |
| | | |_____________________|________________________
| | |
| |_Lydia Ann DRESSER __|
| (1837 - 1926) |
| | ________________________
| | |
| | _____________________|________________________
| | |
| |_______________________|
| |
| | ________________________
| | |
| |_____________________|________________________
|
|
|--Shirley Alice COOMBS
| (1910 - 1972)
| ________________________
| |
| _Ephraim HAYNES _____|________________________
| | (1775 - 1824)
| _Ephraim HAYNES _______|
| | (1803 - 1881) m 1850 |
| | | ________________________
| | | |
| | |_Mary HOPKINS _______|________________________
| | (1779 - 1838)
| _George W. HAYNES ___|
| | (1852 - 1912) m 1873|
| | | _Peletiah LEACH ________+
| | | | (1757 - 1839)
| | | _Ebenezer LEACH _____|_Mary GRINDLE __________
| | | | (1789 - 1863) m 1816 (1765 - 1839)
| | |_Mary Elizabeth LEACH _|
| | (1819 - 1900) m 1850 |
| | | _Samuel WARDWELL _______+
| | | | (1774 - 1858)
| | |_Clarissa WARDWELL __|_Mary ("Polly") BANKS __
| | (1796 - 1867) m 1816 (1772 - 1862)
|_Bernice Elsie HAYNES _|
(1882 - 1941) m 1907 |
| ________________________
| |
| _John PERKINS _______|________________________
| | (1788 - 1856) m 1811
| _John W. PERKINS ______|
| | (1819 - 1898) |
| | | ________________________
| | | |
| | |_Rachel DARBY _______|________________________
| | (1792 - 1870) m 1811
|_Rose Alice PERKINS _|
(1854 - 1938) m 1873|
| _Reuben (Jr.) GRAY _____+
| | (1762 - 1858)
| _Benjamin GRAY ______|_Sarah Goodwin HERRICK _
| | (1788 - 1857) m 1810 (1766 - 1846)
|_Elsie GRAY ___________|
(1818 - 1895) |
| _John HUTCHINSON _______
| | (1750 - ....)
|_Susanna HUTCHINSON _|_Hannah SMITH __________
(1786 - 1868) m 1810 (1741 - 1793)
[44052] The unverified Connor Family Tree in Ancestry.com in 2018 offers: "When Shirley Alice Coombs was born on May 4, 1910, in Bucksport, Maine, her father, Aaron, was 33, and her mother, Bernice, was 27. She married Alfred Edison Conner on June 4, 1933, in her hometown. They had one child during their marriage. She died on January 3, 1972, in Bangor, Maine, at the age of 61, and was buried in Brooksville, Maine."
[35193] Danie's information is from the unverified Mowen Family Tree in Ancestry.com in 2013 which states he m. Catherine _____ (1722-1798). Ancestry.com stats that Mowen is a form of Mohan and offers: "Mohan Name Meaning - Irish: Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Mocháin descendant of Mochán, a personal name from a diminutive of moch early, timely. In Connacht this name was changed to Mahon; it is also found translated into English as Early. It has been used to represent the Norman habitational surname de Mohun. Indian (Panjab and southern states): Hindu name from Sanskrit mohana fascinating, infatuating, an epithet of the god Krishna. In the Panjab, it is a Brahman name based on the name of a clan in the Mohyal subgroup of Saraswat Brahmans; it probably evolved from an ancestral personal name. In the southern states this is only found as a male given name; it has also come to be used as a family name in the U.S. among familes from South India."
__________________________
|
______________________________|__________________________
|
_Isaac (Sr.) PAULLIN _|
| (.... - 1820) |
| | __________________________
| | |
| |______________________________|__________________________
|
_Isaac PAULLIN _______________|
| (1787 - 1882) |
| | __________________________
| | |
| | ______________________________|__________________________
| | |
| |______________________|
| |
| | __________________________
| | |
| |______________________________|__________________________
|
_William D. PAULLIN _|
| (1808 - 1881) m 1831|
| | _John Casper (II) HEPLER _+
| | | (1680 - 1746)
| | _John Casper (III) HEPLER ____|_Anna Margaretha KRAMER __
| | | (1713 - 1769) m 1743 (1684 - 1746)
| | _George Jacob HEPLER _|
| | | (1744 - 1808) m 1767 |
| | | | _Hans Jacob SCHEIBLE _____
| | | | | (1688 - 1779) m 1708
| | | |_Susannah Ephrosina SCHEIBLE _|_Agnes BADER _____________
| | | (1718 - 1757) m 1743 (1687 - 1750)
| |_Elizabeth ("Ann E.") HEPLER _|
| (1791 - 1861) |
| | __________________________
| | |
| | ______________________________|__________________________
| | |
| |_Elisabethe YACKEY ___|
| (1745 - 1809) m 1767 |
| | __________________________
| | |
| |______________________________|__________________________
|
|
|--Hiram N. PAULLIN
| (1833 - 1915)
| _Simon NEWELL ____________+
| | (1683 - 1761) m 1710
| _James NEWELL ________________|_Mehitable BIRD __________
| | (1717 - 1750) m 1739 (1684 - 1732)
| _James NEWELL ________|
| | (1740 - 1794) m 1767 |
| | | _Jonathan SEYMOUR ________+
| | | | (.... - 1725) m 1714
| | |_Jerusha SEYMOUR _____________|_Eunice HOLLISTER ________
| | (1717 - 1742) m 1739 (1696 - ....)
| _Thomas NEWELL _______________|
| | (1783 - 1858) m 1808 |
| | | __________________________
| | | |
| | | ______________________________|__________________________
| | | |
| | |_Mary SPARKS _________|
| | (1752 - 1786) m 1767 |
| | | __________________________
| | | |
| | |______________________________|__________________________
| |
|_Mary E. NEWELL _____|
(1811 - 1867) m 1831|
| __________________________
| |
| _John FLAHARTY _______________|__________________________
| | (1715 - 1756) m 1735
| _Amassa FLAHARTY _____|
| | (1757 - 1841) m 1785 |
| | | __________________________
| | | |
| | |_Hannah PENNICK ______________|__________________________
| | (1715 - 1757) m 1735
|_Harriet D. FLAHARTY _________|
(1789 - 1846) m 1808 |
| __________________________
| |
| ______________________________|__________________________
| |
|_Mary RIDGLEY ________|
(1760 - 1843) m 1785 |
| __________________________
| |
|______________________________|__________________________
[4407] Hiram m. (1) ca. 1855 Jemima Dildina and (2) 20 Nov 1870 Mary Kircher [per W.H.Nolin]. The 1900 federal census lists Hiram and his wife Mary in Mt. Ary Twp., Ringgold Co., IA. In addition to A. Isaac Paullin, step-daughter Stella Kircher, age 13, was living with him at the time of the 1880 federal census in Athens Twp., Ringgold Co., IA. He served as a soldier during the War Between the States. His second wife, Mary, is buried with Hiram.
_____________________
|
_____________________|_____________________
|
_____________________|
| |
| | _____________________
| | |
| |_____________________|_____________________
|
_Henry (Stevens or) STEPHENS _|
| (1681 - 1749) |
| | _____________________
| | |
| | _____________________|_____________________
| | |
| |_____________________|
| |
| | _____________________
| | |
| |_____________________|_____________________
|
_Jedediah (Stevens or) STEPHENS _|
| (1716 - 1790) m 1743 |
| | _____________________
| | |
| | _William FELLOWS ____|_____________________
| | | (1609 - 1679)
| | _Ephraim FELLOWS ____|
| | | (1641 - 1713) m 1690|
| | | | _John AYRES _________+
| | | | | (1582 - 1657)
| | | |_Mary AYER __________|_Hannah EVERED ______
| | | (1607 - 1676) (1582 - 1688)
| |_Elizabeth FELLOWS ___________|
| (1685 - 1790) |
| | _____________________
| | |
| | _____________________|_____________________
| | |
| |_Anna CROSS _________|
| m 1690 |
| | _____________________
| | |
| |_____________________|_____________________
|
|
|--Joshua STEPHENS
| (1745 - 1813)
| _____________________
| |
| _____________________|_____________________
| |
| _____________________|
| | |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |_____________________|_____________________
| |
| _Joshua RATHBONE _____________|
| | (1696 - 1779) |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | | _____________________|_____________________
| | | |
| | |_____________________|
| | |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |_____________________|_____________________
| |
|_Mary RATHBONE __________________|
(1726 - 1790) m 1743 |
| _____________________
| |
| _____________________|_____________________
| |
| _____________________|
| | |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |_____________________|_____________________
| |
|_Mary WIGHTMAN _______________|
(1704 - 1777) |
| _____________________
| |
| _____________________|_____________________
| |
|_____________________|
|
| _____________________
| |
|_____________________|_____________________
[31648] Joshua r. Banbridge, Chenango Co., NY in June, 1840.
[10477] Rhoda is daughter of Thomas Thompson (b. 23 Nov 1789 in VA, d. 27 March 1851 in Smithfield, Bradford Co., PA) and Elizzabeth Johnson (b. 1791 in Ireland) according to an unverified file in Ancestry.com in 2011.
_Robert WHITCOMB _________+
| (1628 - 1704) m 1661
_James WHITCOMB _____|_Mary Elizabeth CUDWORTH _
| (1668 - 1728) m 1694 (1637 - 1699)
_Nathaniel WHITCOMB _|
| (1697 - 1771) m 1738|
| | _William PARKER __________
| | | (1614 - 1684) m 1651
| |_Mary PARKER ________|_Mary TURNER _____________
| (1667 - 1729) m 1694 (1634 - 1703)
_Lot WHITCOMB _________|
| (1739 - 1797) m 1762 |
| | __________________________
| | |
| | _John BLACKMORE _____|__________________________
| | | (1669 - ....) m 1700
| |_Phoebe BLACKMAN ____|
| (1704 - ....) m 1738|
| | _John BRANCH _____________+
| | | (1628 - 1711) m 1652
| |_Anna BRANCH ________|_Mary SPEED ______________
| (1670 - 1711) m 1700 (1632 - ....)
_Lot WHITCOMB _______|
| (.... - 1867) m 1796|
| | __________________________
| | |
| | _Ichabod NYE ________|__________________________
| | | (1689 - 1735)
| | _Samuel NYE _________|
| | | (1714 - ....) |
| | | | __________________________
| | | | |
| | | |_Elisabeth BONUM ____|__________________________
| | | (1684 - 1776)
| |_Lydia NYE ____________|
| (1744 - 1831) m 1762 |
| | __________________________
| | |
| | _____________________|__________________________
| | |
| |_____________________|
| |
| | __________________________
| | |
| |_____________________|__________________________
|
|
|--Ichabod WHITCOMB
| (1799 - 1894)
| _William CHAMBERLAIN _____+
| | (1619 - 1706)
| _Daniel CHAMBERLAIN _|__________________________
| | (1671 - 1725)
| _Thomas CHAMBERLAIN _|
| | (1703 - 1764) m 1730|
| | | __________________________
| | | |
| | |_____________________|__________________________
| |
| _Increase CHAMBERLAIN _|
| | (1741 - 1813) m 1763 |
| | | _John PIERCE _____________+
| | | | (1643 - 1720) m 1663
| | | _Daniel PIERCE ______|_Deborah CONVERSE ________
| | | | (1676 - 1754) m 1795 (1647 - ....)
| | |_Abigail PIERCE _____|
| | (1706 - 1769) m 1730|
| | | _Henry HOLT ______________+
| | | | (1643 - 1719)
| | |_Dinah HOLT _________|_Sarah BALLARD ___________
| | (1681 - 1738) m 1795 (1649 - 1733)
|_Azubah CHAMBERLAIN _|
(1778 - 1858) m 1796|
| _Samuel DAVIS ____________+
| | (1629 - 1699) m 1656
| _Samuel DAVIS _______|_Mary WATERS _____________
| | (1669 - 1739) (1638 - 1680)
| _Amos DAVIS _________|
| | (1705 - 1794) m 1727|
| | | __________________________
| | | |
| | |_____________________|__________________________
| |
|_Rachel DAVIS _________|
(1739 - 1813) m 1763 |
| _John CHAPMAN ____________+
| | (.... - 1677)
| _John CHAPMAN _______|_Rebecca SMITH ___________
| | (1676 - 1750) (1652 - ....)
|_Elizabeth CHAPMAN __|
(1704 - 1764) m 1727|
| __________________________
| |
|_____________________|__________________________