__
|
__|__
|
_John Jacob ASTOR ___|
| (1763 - 1848) m 1785|
| | __
| | |
| |__|__
|
_William Backhouse ASTOR __________|
| (1792 - 1875) |
| | __
| | |
| | __|__
| | |
| |_Sarah Cox TODD _____|
| (1762 - 1842) m 1785|
| | __
| | |
| |__|__
|
_William Backhouse (Jr) ASTOR ___________|
| (1829 - 1892) m 1853 |
| | __
| | |
| | __|__
| | |
| | _____________________|
| | | |
| | | | __
| | | | |
| | | |__|__
| | |
| |_Margaret Alida Rebecca ARMSTRONG _|
| (1800 - 1872) |
| | __
| | |
| | __|__
| | |
| |_____________________|
| |
| | __
| | |
| |__|__
|
|
|--John Jacob ASTOR
| (1864 - 1912)
| __
| |
| __|__
| |
| _____________________|
| | |
| | | __
| | | |
| | |__|__
| |
| ___________________________________|
| | |
| | | __
| | | |
| | | __|__
| | | |
| | |_____________________|
| | |
| | | __
| | | |
| | |__|__
| |
|_Caroline Webster ("Lina") SCHERMERHORN _|
(1830 - 1908) m 1853 |
| __
| |
| __|__
| |
| _____________________|
| | |
| | | __
| | | |
| | |__|__
| |
|___________________________________|
|
| __
| |
| __|__
| |
|_____________________|
|
| __
| |
|__|__
[33857] See http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/titanic-victim/john-jacob-astor.html and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor_IV. Colonel Astor's will left a five million dollar trust fund for wife Madeleine but this automatically terminated upon her marriage with William K. Dick. Colonel Astor's estate appraised at $87,218,791.
_____________________
|
_____________________|_____________________
|
______________________________|
| |
| | _____________________
| | |
| |_____________________|_____________________
|
_John D. BROWN ________________|
| (1785 - 1860) m 1807 |
| | _____________________
| | |
| | _____________________|_____________________
| | |
| |______________________________|
| |
| | _____________________
| | |
| |_____________________|_____________________
|
_James BROWN ______________|
| (.... - 1892) |
| | _John GRINDLE _______+
| | |
| | _John GRINDLE _______|_Sarah LEAVITT ______
| | | (.... - 1794)
| | _William Bruce (Sr.) GRINDLE _|
| | | (1749 - 1820) m 1779 |
| | | | _Philip DORR ________
| | | | | (1680 - ....) m 1708
| | | |_Elizabeth DORR _____|_Sarah CHILD ________
| | | (1680 - ....)
| |_Elizabeth ("Betsey") GRINDLE _|
| (1787 - 1871) m 1807 |
| | _John HOWARD ________
| | | (1703 - 1781)
| | _Ezra HOWARD ________|_____________________
| | | (1725 - ....)
| |_Eunice HOWARD _______________|
| (1761 - ....) m 1779 |
| | _Hezekiah COLBY _____+
| | | (1710 - ....) m 1730
| |_Mary COLBY _________|_Sarah COLE _________
| (1735 - ....) (1715 - ....)
|
|--Joseph H. BROWN
| (1860 - 1937)
| _John LEIGHTON ______+
| | (1673 - 1718)
| _Thomas LEIGHTON ____|_Sarah CROMWELL _____
| | (1696 - 1763) (1668 - 1754)
| _Thomas LEIGHTON _____________|
| | (1725 - 1813) m 1742 |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |_Susannah CHESLEY ___|_____________________
| | (1695 - 1786)
| _James LEIGHTON _______________|
| | (1769 - 1846) |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | | _____________________|_____________________
| | | |
| | |_Margaret MURRAY _____________|
| | (1727 - 1773) m 1742 |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |_____________________|_____________________
| |
|_Louisa Caroline LEIGHTON _|
(1819 - ....) |
| _____________________
| |
| _____________________|_____________________
| |
| ______________________________|
| | |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |_____________________|_____________________
| |
|_Mary ("Polly") BROWN _________|
(.... - 1830) |
| _____________________
| |
| _____________________|_____________________
| |
|______________________________|
|
| _____________________
| |
|_____________________|_____________________
_Henry DE PERCY ______________+
| (.... - 1272) m 1268
_Henry DE PERCY ___________________________|_Eleanor DE WARENNE __________
| (1273 - 1314) m 1294 (1251 - ....)
_Henry DE PERCY ____________________|
| (1301 - 1352) |
| | _Richard Fitz ALAN ___________+
| | | (1267 - 1302)
| |_Eleanor Fitz ALAN ________________________|_Alasia DE SALUZZO ___________
| (1282 - 1328) m 1294 (1266 - 1292)
_Henry de Percy, Lord of ALNWICK _|
| (1322 - 1368) m 1334 |
| | _Roger DE CLIFFORD ___________+
| | | (1244 - 1282)
| | _Sir Robert DE CLIFFORD ___________________|_Isabel DE VIPONT ____________
| | | (1274 - 1314) m 1295 (1254 - 1292)
| |_Idonea CLIFFORD ___________________|
| (1303 - 1365) |
| | _Thomas DE CLARE _____________+
| | | (1245 - 1287)
| |_Matilda (or Maud) DE CLARE _______________|_Julianne Fitz MAURICE _______
| (1279 - 1325) m 1295 (1249 - 1300)
_Henry PERCY ________|
| (1341 - 1408) m 1358|
| | _Henry III, King of ENGLAND __+
| | | (1207 - 1272) m 1237
| | _Edmund ("Crouchback"), Earl of LANCASTER _|_Eleanor of PROVENCE _________
| | | (1245 - 1296) m 1276 (1217 - 1291)
| | _Henry, Earl of LANCASTER __________|
| | | (1281 - 1345) m 1297 |
| | | | _Robert, Count of ARTOIS _____+
| | | | | (1216 - 1250) m 1237
| | | |_Blanche of Artois, Queen of NAVARRE ______|_Matilda of BRABANT __________
| | | (.... - 1302) m 1276 (1224 - 1288)
| |_Mary PLANTAGENET ________________|
| (1320 - 1362) m 1334 |
| | _Patrick DE CHAWORTH _________+
| | | (.... - 1258) m 1244
| | _Patrick Chaworth, Lord of KIDWELLEY ______|_Hawyse DE LONDRES ___________
| | | (1253 - 1283) (.... - 1274)
| |_Maud CHAWORTH _____________________|
| (1282 - ....) m 1297 |
| | _William DE BEAUCHAMP ________+
| | | (1237 - ....)
| |_Isabel DE BEAUCHAMP ______________________|_Maud Fitzjohn Fitz PIERS ____
| (1236 - ....)
|
|--Thomas DE PERCY
| (1366 - ....)
| _Robert DE NEVILL(E) _________+
| | (.... - 1282)
| _Robert DE NEVILL(E) ______________________|_Ida, Widow of Roger BERTRAM _
| | (.... - 1271)
| _Ralph (Ranulf) DE NEVILL(E) _______|
| | (1262 - 1331) |
| | | ______________________________
| | | |
| | |_Mary FITZRANULF __________________________|______________________________
| | (.... - 1320)
| _Ralph DE NEVILL(E) ______________|
| | (1291 - 1367) m 1327 |
| | | _Roger Fitz JOHN _____________+
| | | |
| | | _Robert Fitz ROGER ________________________|_Isabel DE MERLAY ____________
| | | | (1247 - 1310) m 1265
| | |_Euphemia Fitz Robert DE CLAVERING _|
| | (.... - 1331) |
| | | _Alan La ZOUCHE ______________+
| | | | (.... - 1267)
| | |_Margery (Margaret) La ZOUCHE _____________|_Elena ("Helen") DE QUINCY ___
| | m 1265 (.... - 1296)
|_Margaret NEVILLE ___|
(1340 - 1372) m 1358|
| _Sir Henry DE AUDLEY _________+
| | (1175 - 1246) m 1217
| _James DE ALDITHLEY _______________________|_Bertred MAINWARING __________
| | m 1244 (.... - 1249)
| _Hugh DE AUDLEY ____________________|
| | (1267 - 1325) |
| | | _William (II) LONGESPéE _____+
| | | | (.... - 1250) m 1226
| | |_Ela LONGESPéE ___________________________|_Idonea CAMVILLE _____________
| | m 1244 (.... - 1252)
|_Alice DE AUDLEY _________________|
(.... - 1375) m 1327 |
| _Roger DE MORTIMER ___________+
| | m 1247
| _Sir Edmund DE MORTIMER ___________________|_Maud DE BRAOSE ______________
| | (1261 - 1304) m 1285 (1224 - ....)
|_Isolde DE MORTIMER ________________|
(1270 - 1338) |
| _William DE FIENES ___________+
| | (1245 - 1302) m 1269
|_Margaret DE FIENES _______________________|_Blanche DE BRIENNE __________
(.... - 1334) m 1285 (.... - 1302)
_Mark DUNBAR _____________+
| (.... - 1642)
_Ninian DUNBAR ______|_Isabel FALCONER _________
| (1575 - ....)
_Robert DUNBAR _______________|
| (1634 - 1693) |
| | __________________________
| | |
| |_____________________|__________________________
|
_Joseph DUNBAR ______|
| (1662 - 1725) |
| | __________________________
| | |
| | _____________________|__________________________
| | |
| |_Rose, wife of Robert DUNBAR _|
| (.... - 1700) |
| | __________________________
| | |
| |_____________________|__________________________
|
_David DUNBAR _______|
| (1704 - ....) m 1729|
| | __________________________
| | |
| | _____________________|__________________________
| | |
| | _John GARDNER ________________|
| | | (.... - 1668) |
| | | | __________________________
| | | | |
| | | |_____________________|__________________________
| | |
| |_Christian GARDENER _|
| (1668 - 1726) |
| | __________________________
| | |
| | _____________________|__________________________
| | |
| |______________________________|
| |
| | __________________________
| | |
| |_____________________|__________________________
|
|
|--Bathsheba DUNBAR
| (1736 - ....)
| __________________________
| |
| _John STODDER _______|__________________________
| | (1601 - 1661)
| _John STODDER ________________|
| | (.... - 1708) m 1665 |
| | | __________________________
| | | |
| | |_____________________|__________________________
| |
| _Hezekiah STODDER ___|
| | (1679 - 1738) m 1706|
| | | __________________________
| | | |
| | | _John BRYANT ________|__________________________
| | | | (.... - 1684) m 1643
| | |_Hannah BRYANT _______________|
| | (1645 - 1702) m 1665 |
| | | _George (Lewes or) LEWIS _+
| | | | (1600 - 1663) m 1626
| | |_Mary LEWIS _________|_Sarah JENKINS ___________
| | (.... - 1655) m 1643 (.... - 1636)
|_Bathsheba STODDER __|
(1711 - 1736) m 1729|
| __________________________
| |
| _Richard SYLVESTER __|__________________________
| | (.... - 1663) m 1632
| _Israel SYLVESTER ____________|
| | (1646 - 1727) m 1673 |
| | | __________________________
| | | |
| | |_Naomi TORREY _______|__________________________
| | (1612 - 1668) m 1632
|_Lois SYLVESTER _____|
(1680 - 1738) m 1706|
| __________________________
| |
| _John BRYANT ________|__________________________
| | (.... - 1684) m 1643
|_Martha BRYANT _______________|
m 1673 |
| _George (Lewes or) LEWIS _+
| | (1600 - 1663) m 1626
|_Mary LEWIS _________|_Sarah JENKINS ___________
(.... - 1655) m 1643 (.... - 1636)
[7251] "Massachusetts, Marriages, 1695-1910," index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/FHHY-G6V) record Bathsheba's marriage 10 Sept 1761 in Scituate, MA to "Stetson Jun.".
_Thomas HARDY __________________________+
| (1605 - 1677)
_John HARDY _________|________________________________________
| (.... - 1714) m 1667
_Joseph HARDY _______|
| (1674 - 1747) m 1698|
| | ________________________________________
| | |
| |_Mary JACKMAN _______|________________________________________
| (1644 - 1689) m 1667
_James HARDY ________|
| (1699 - 1792) |
| | _John BURBANK __________________________
| | | (1600 - 1683)
| | _Caleb BURBANK ______|_Jemima (Gemima), wife of John BURBANK _
| | | (1646 - 1690) m 1669 (.... - 1692)
| |_Mary BURBANK _______|
| (1675 - 1762) m 1698|
| | _Hugh SMITH ____________________________+
| | | (1614 - 1655) m 1639
| |_Martha SMITH _______|_Mary SMITH ____________________________
| (1648 - 1716) m 1669 (.... - 1688)
_James HARDY ________|
| (1739 - 1825) m 1764|
| | ________________________________________
| | |
| | _____________________|________________________________________
| | |
| | _____________________|
| | | |
| | | | ________________________________________
| | | | |
| | | |_____________________|________________________________________
| | |
| |_Hannah BAILEY ______|
| (1706 - 1797) |
| | ________________________________________
| | |
| | _____________________|________________________________________
| | |
| |_____________________|
| |
| | ________________________________________
| | |
| |_____________________|________________________________________
|
|
|--Hepzibah HARDY
| (1776 - ....)
| _William PALMER ________________________+
| | (1585 - 1647)
| _Joseph PALMER ______|_Grace COOLEDGE ________________________
| | (1644 - 1715) (1586 - 1646)
| _Richard PALMER _____|
| | (1675 - 1724) |
| | | ________________________________________
| | | |
| | |_Sarah JACKMAN ______|________________________________________
| | (1647 - 1684)
| _Andrew PALMER ______|
| | (1707 - 1765) m 1732|
| | | ________________________________________
| | | |
| | | _Robert DOWNER ______|________________________________________
| | | | (1650 - 1820) m 1675
| | |_Martha DOWNER ______|
| | (1678 - 1723) |
| | | _Jonas EATON ___________________________+
| | | | (1625 - 1682) m 1644
| | |_Sarah EATON ________|_Martha ROWLANDSON _____________________
| | (1654 - 1726) m 1675 (1622 - 1712)
|_Jemima PALMER ______|
(.... - 1811) m 1764|
| _Thomas HARDY __________________________+
| | (1605 - 1677)
| _John HARDY _________|________________________________________
| | (.... - 1714) m 1667
| _Joseph HARDY _______|
| | (1674 - 1747) m 1698|
| | | ________________________________________
| | | |
| | |_Mary JACKMAN _______|________________________________________
| | (1644 - 1689) m 1667
|_Jemima HARDY _______|
(1711 - ....) m 1732|
| _John BURBANK __________________________
| | (1600 - 1683)
| _Caleb BURBANK ______|_Jemima (Gemima), wife of John BURBANK _
| | (1646 - 1690) m 1669 (.... - 1692)
|_Mary BURBANK _______|
(1675 - 1762) m 1698|
| _Hugh SMITH ____________________________+
| | (1614 - 1655) m 1639
|_Martha SMITH _______|_Mary SMITH ____________________________
(1648 - 1716) m 1669 (.... - 1688)
_John Marshall OWEN __________+
| (1831 - 1871) m 1857
_John Shearer OWEN _____________|_Cornelia Elizabeth WILLIAMS _
| (1870 - 1922) m 1892 (1843 - 1912)
_Richard (Sr.) OWEN _______________________|
| (1896 - 1970) |
| | _John Allen MITCHELL _________+
| | | (1804 - 1885) m 1836
| |_Mary Virginia MITCHELL ________|_Mary Frances PRINGLE ________
| (1873 - 1959) m 1892 (1812 - ....)
_Richard (Jr.) OWEN ______|
| (1931 - 2017) |
| | ______________________________
| | |
| | _John Lewis WADE _______________|______________________________
| | | (1852 - 1928) m 1880
| |_Sarah Jennings WADE ______________________|
| (1894 - 1997) |
| | _David LAWSON ________________+
| | | (1803 - 1877) m 1839
| |_Susan E. ("Susie") LAWSON _____|_Jane BAILEY _________________
| (1858 - 1909) m 1880 (1819 - 1899)
_John Richard OWEN _____|
| |
| | _Jonathan PIPER ______________+
| | | (1837 - 1916) m 1871
| | _David Ellis PIPER _____________|_Emma ("Emily") BOYDSTON _____
| | | (1873 - 1958) m 1902 (1851 - 1903)
| | _Ellis Gardner PIPER ______________________|
| | | (1903 - 1992) m 1931 |
| | | | _Freeborn GARDNER ____________+
| | | | | (1841 - 1922) m 1868
| | | |_Cora Belle GARDNER ____________|_Jane DAVES __________________
| | | (1869 - 1952) m 1902 (1841 - 1871)
| |_Patricia Ann PIPER ______|
| |
| | _William Hudson SCRUGGS ______+
| | | (1801 - 1889) m 1868
| | _Joseph Cooper SCRUGGS _________|_Elizabeth Isabelle COOPER ___
| | | (1871 - 1912) m 1905 (1828 - 1892)
| |_Ann Elizabeth SCRUGGS ____________________|
| (1905 - 1991) m 1931 |
| | _George S. STEWART ___________+
| | | (1856 - 1886) m 1882
| |_Mary ("Manie") Capers STEWART _|_Annie Clementine HENRY ______
| (1884 - 1964) m 1905 (1858 - 1946)
|
|--Jack Thomas OWEN
|
| _Arthur SALZMAN ______________
| | (1827 - 1871)
| _Joseph Arthur SALZMAN _________|_Magdalina SCHROCK ___________
| | (0863 - 1932) m 1888
| _Raymond ("Ray") Elmer SALZMAN ____________|
| | (1891 - 1976) m 1916 |
| | | _Albert HOBBS ________________+
| | | | (1832 - 1899) m 1855
| | |_Sarah Amanda HOBBS ____________|_Amanda Melvina SMITH ________
| | (1867 - 1949) m 1888 (1840 - 1929)
| _Robert Bush SALZMAN _____|
| | (1926 - 2008) m 1957 |
| | | _Hardy BUSH __________________+
| | | | (1812 - 1872) m 1847
| | | _John Abner BUSH _______________|_Martha Jane SYKES ___________
| | | | (1865 - 1913) m 1890 (1827 - 1880)
| | |_Verda Vance BUSH _________________________|
| | (1895 - 1990) m 1916 |
| | | ______________________________
| | | |
| | |_Mattie Etna PATTON ____________|_Nancy C. PATTERSON __________
| | (1872 - 1973) m 1890 (1842 - 1911)
|_Karen Barbara SALZMAN _|
(1959 - 2023) |
| ______________________________
| |
| ________________________________|______________________________
| |
| _Harry JENSEN _____________________________|
| | |
| | | ______________________________
| | | |
| | |________________________________|______________________________
| |
|_Dorothy Margaret JENSEN _|
(1935 - 2007) m 1957 |
| ______________________________
| |
| ________________________________|______________________________
| |
|_Karen Margaret ("Margaret Karen") HANSEN _|
|
| ______________________________
| |
|________________________________|______________________________
[20074] living - details excluded
_Amadeus II, Count of SAVOY ____________+
| (.... - 1080)
_Humbert II of Maurienne, Count Of SAVOY _|_Jeanne of GENEVA ______________________
| (.... - 1103)
_Amadeus III (Crusader), Count of SAVOY _|
| (.... - 1148) m 1134 |
| | _William I OR "WILLIAM II" of Burgundy__+
| | | (.... - 1087)
| |_Gisele of BURGUNDY ______________________|_Etiennette ("Stephanie") of BARCELONA _
| (.... - 1133) (.... - 1109)
_Humbert III "The Saint", Count of SAVOY _|
| (1136 - 1189) |
| | ________________________________________
| | |
| | _Guigues III of ALBON ____________________|________________________________________
| | | (.... - 1133)
| |_Matilda D'ALBON ________________________|
| (.... - 1145) m 1134 |
| | ________________________________________
| | |
| |__________________________________________|________________________________________
|
_Thomas I, Count of SAVOY _|
| (1177 - 1233) m 1195 |
| | _Etienne I of MACON ____________________+
| | | (.... - 1102)
| | _William III of MACON ____________________|________________________________________
| | | (.... - 1155)
| | _Girard, Count of Macon & VIENNE ________|
| | | |
| | | | ________________________________________
| | | | |
| | | |__________________________________________|________________________________________
| | |
| |_Beatrix of MâCON _______________________|
| (.... - 1230) |
| | ________________________________________
| | |
| | __________________________________________|________________________________________
| | |
| |_________________________________________|
| |
| | ________________________________________
| | |
| |__________________________________________|________________________________________
|
|
|--Margaret of SAVOY
|
| _Gerald I, Count of GENEVA _____________+
| | (.... - 1061)
| _Aimon (Count In 1091), Count of GENEVA __|_Thietburga of SWABIA __________________
| | (1050 - ....)
| _Amadeus I, Count of GENEVA _____________|
| | (1098 - 1178) |
| | | _Peter, Count of GLâNE ________________
| | | |
| | |_Ida of GLANE ____________________________|________________________________________
| |
| _William I, Count of GENEVA ______________|
| | (1130 - 1195) |
| | | _Pons I DE CUISEAUX ____________________+
| | | |
| | | _Pons II DE CUISEAUX _____________________|________________________________________
| | | |
| | |_Matilda DE CUISEAUX ____________________|
| | |
| | | ________________________________________
| | | |
| | |__________________________________________|________________________________________
| |
|_Margaret of GENEVA _______|
(1180 - 1257) m 1195 |
| _Guillaume DE FAUCIGNY _________________+
| | (1053 - 1124)
| _Rodolphe DE FAUCIGNY ____________________|________________________________________
| |
| _Aymon DE FAUCIGNY ______________________|
| | (.... - 1192) |
| | | ________________________________________
| | | |
| | |_Constance DE BEAUVOIR ___________________|________________________________________
| |
|_Marguerite Béatrice DE FAUCIGNY ________|
(1152 - ....) |
| ________________________________________
| |
| __________________________________________|________________________________________
| |
|_Clémence DE BRIANçON _________________|
|
| ________________________________________
| |
|__________________________________________|________________________________________
[13040] Margaret m. (1) 1218 Count Hartmann von Kyburg (d. ca, 1250) and (2) Eberhard von Laufenburg, Count von Kyburg (d. 1284). This information is not verified.
__
|
__|__
|
__|
| |
| | __
| | |
| |__|__
|
_Laurence DE WARREN _|
| (1423 - 1474) |
| | __
| | |
| | __|__
| | |
| |__|
| |
| | __
| | |
| |__|__
|
_William WARREN _____|
| (1459 - 1506) m 1475|
| | __
| | |
| | __|__
| | |
| | __|
| | | |
| | | | __
| | | | |
| | | |__|__
| | |
| |_____________________|
| |
| | __
| | |
| | __|__
| | |
| |__|
| |
| | __
| | |
| |__|__
|
|
|--John WARREN
| (1499 - 1546)
| __
| |
| __|__
| |
| __|
| | |
| | | __
| | | |
| | |__|__
| |
| _____________________|
| | |
| | | __
| | | |
| | | __|__
| | | |
| | |__|
| | |
| | | __
| | | |
| | |__|__
| |
|_Joane ORWELL _______|
(1452 - 1546) m 1475|
| __
| |
| __|__
| |
| __|
| | |
| | | __
| | | |
| | |__|__
| |
|_____________________|
|
| __
| |
| __|__
| |
|__|
|
| __
| |
|__|__
[38520] John is from the unverified White/Jones Tree in Ancestry.com in 2015.
__
|
__|__
|
__|
| |
| | __
| | |
| |__|__
|
_______________________________|
| |
| | __
| | |
| | __|__
| | |
| |__|
| |
| | __
| | |
| |__|__
|
_John WESTBROOK _____|
| (.... - 1697) |
| | __
| | |
| | __|__
| | |
| | __|
| | | |
| | | | __
| | | | |
| | | |__|__
| | |
| |_______________________________|
| |
| | __
| | |
| | __|__
| | |
| |__|
| |
| | __
| | |
| |__|__
|
|
|--Thomas WESTBROOK
| (1675 - ....)
| __
| |
| __|__
| |
| __|
| | |
| | | __
| | | |
| | |__|__
| |
| _Thomas WALFORD _______________|
| | (1590 - 1666) |
| | | __
| | | |
| | | __|__
| | | |
| | |__|
| | |
| | | __
| | | |
| | |__|__
| |
|_Martha WALFORD _____|
|
| __
| |
| __|__
| |
| __|
| | |
| | | __
| | | |
| | |__|__
| |
|_Jane, wife of Thomas WALFORD _|
(1597 - 1681) |
| __
| |
| __|__
| |
|__|
|
| __
| |
|__|__
[33093] See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Westbrook.